Pulmonary endoscopy contributes substantially to medical waste generation. Previous studies have estimated the average waste per bronchoscopy at approximately 1.03 kg. However, scalable data are lacking.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a high prevalence of lung abnormalities in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). However, longitudinal imaging data on the onset and progression are lacking.

Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) is a heterogeneous chronic airway disease increasingly recognized worldwide and associated with a substantial burden of extra-pulmonary manifestations. Osteoporosis has emerged as a highly prevalent yet underappreciated comorbidity. Unlike cystic fibrosis, where bone health guidelines exist, no screening or management recommendations are available for NCFB despite overlapping risk factors, including chronic inflammation, malnutrition, hypoxia, medication exposure, and physical inactivity.

Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has been established in the past decade as an important and effective tool for lung cancer screening (LCS) in high-risk individuals, with large trials demonstrating significant lung cancer mortality reduction. Beyond pulmonary nodules, LDCT frequently detects a range of smoking-related additional findings, including emphysema, coronary artery calcium, interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA), osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. Accordingly, here we review current evidence on the prevalence, prognostic value, and clinical implications of such smoking-related findings in LCS, with a focus on the findings themselves, their relevance in COPD patients, emerging technologies and future directions for integration into screening protocols.

Pulmonary vascular remodeling is implicated in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in chronic lung diseases. Computed tomography (CT) metrics of pulmonary vessels may provide insight into the impact of vessel morphology on PH severity in chronic lung diseases (CLD).

Geographic equity in access to donor lungs is a central objective of U.S. organ allocation policy. In March 2023, lung allocation transitioned from rigid donor-candidate distance thresholds to a continuous distribution framework using the Composite Allocation Score (CAS). CAS prioritizes medical urgency, projected posttransplant survival, biological compatibility, and geographic efficiency (continuous donor-candidate distance). On May 7, 2026, a policy amendment was approved that increased the influence of proximity on candidate ranking.

ARDS constitutes a major cause of mortality with limited therapeutic options.

Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have pulmonary system abnormalities resulting in impaired ventilatory reserve and heightened respiratory muscle work during submaximal exercise.

Childhood interstitial lung diseases (chILDs) are rare, heterogeneous chronic pulmonary disorders that are often underdiagnosed due to their low prevalence and non-specific clinical presentation. Persistent tachypnea of infancy, often referred to as neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (PTI/NEHI), is one of the most frequent forms of chILD, though its underlying etiology remains unknown.

Right ventricular (RV) function and volumes assessment by cardiac MRI has emerged as a strong prognostic marker in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), but expert centers propose different thresholds, possibly explainable by methodologic differences.

Pretreatment with pulmonary hypertension (PH)-targeted medical therapy has been shown to reduce balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) complications in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Data collected in the Dutch BPA registry allowed for comparison between mono and dual PH-targeted medical pretreatment in patients undergoing BPA.

A 23-year-old woman with a past medical history of gastric ulcers, small bowel obstruction, and constipation presented to her primary care physician with a concern of cough, sore throat, dyspnea, and persistent fatigue for 4 months. In the week before presentation, her cough had become productive of reddish-brown sputum.

To date, clinical trials of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapies have focused on outcomes that can be captured in relatively short follow-up periods. The effectiveness of CFTR modulator therapies on survival has not been described fully.

This article addresses the challenges of shared decision-making (SDM) when a patient's request conflicts with accepted medical practice, using the case of Maria, a 72-year-old patient receiving dialysis. Maria, admitted to the ICU, insists on continuing hemodialysis sessions despite symptomatic hypotension and wants to take the herbal supplement Jin Gui Shen Qi Tang (JGSQT). We argue that understanding-the mutual effort by patient and clinician to comprehend each other's reasons, goals, and values-is a foundational element of SDM, superseding the goal of reaching agreement about the preferred intervention. For the JGSQT request, a physician should approach with curiosity and epistemic humility, acknowledging the limits of medical knowledge on alternative treatments. Given the supplement's low risk and Maria's perceived benefit, allowing its use promotes a shared process. Conversely, the request to continue dialysis during symptomatic hypotension poses a significant threat of medical harm, justifying the physician in asserting professional values to stop the session. In both instances, the physician must approach the situation with curiosity and seek truly to understand the patient's perspective and also must explain thoroughly the rationale for a decision to Maria, ensuring that she understands the risks and the basis for the decision while looking for acceptable compromises. Ultimately, although SDM may not always result in a shared final decision, the shared process of mutual understanding ensures a patient-centered approach that respects patient autonomy while acknowledging the ethical limits of autonomous patient requests.