A 64-year-old man, originally from Puerto Rico, was referred for suspected interstitial lung disease based on incidental chest imaging findings. He had no respiratory concerns such as cough or dyspnea. He had preserved exercise tolerance and walked multiple city blocks without stopping.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Traditional assessments such as the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) may not adequately capture daily physical activity or patient experience in real-world settings.

There is no consensus for identifying ideal candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a life-sustaining technology that can supply oxygenated blood to a patient whose heart and/or lungs are not properly functioning. Without clear and standardized guidelines, the decision about who to cannulate often falls upon one or several clinicians who weigh the procedure's risks and benefits. Limited data, and therefore substantial clinical judgment, guides ECMO candidacy determination, rendering the process particularly susceptible to heuristic-based decision-making and cognitive biases resulting from mental shortcuts. This can lead to candidates being inappropriately accepted or declined for ECMO and suboptimal allocation of a limited resource. This article presents a hypothetical case based on real clinical scenarios highlighting the impact that cognitive biases may play in ECMO candidacy and discussing their potential harms. We argue that ECMO candidacy determination is especially vulnerable to cognitive biases and offer several ways to mitigate their influence on candidacy selection. Our aim was to stimulate the recognition and mitigation of cognitive bias in ECMO deliberations as one step toward the standardization of ECMO candidacy determinations, with the goal of achieving more equitable and effective care for patients who would most benefit from this technology.

Multiple clinical and inflammatory risk factors for asthma attacks have been identified, including attack history, comorbidities, blood eosinophil count (BEC), and exhaled nitric oxide (Feno). However, the impact of sex on their prognostic value is unclear.

Rhabdomyolysis is the clinical syndrome resulting from the release of skeletal muscle cellular contents into the bloodstream, typically manifesting as limb weakness, myalgias, swelling, myoglobinuria, electrolyte abnormalities, and, critically, acute kidney injury (AKI). Recognition of this complex of clinical and biochemical features is necessary for accurate diagnosis and subsequent management.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complication of advanced cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (n-CFB). The prevalence and after transplantation prognostic significance of PH in CF and n-CFB remain poorly defined.

The way in which risk predictors combine and contribute to severe asthma exacerbations may differ between clinical trials and real-world settings.

Use of nonphysician alternative care providers (ACPs) can improve timely access to sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) care, and previous studies have demonstrated beneficial short-term clinical outcomes. Longer-term clinical and economic impacts of an ACP model for patients with severe SDB have not been evaluated.

Because lung cancer risk remains elevated beyond 15 years after smoking cessation, the American Cancer Society (ACS) recommended in 2023 to remove the quit duration criterion from the United States Preventive Services Taskforce (USPSTF) lung cancer screening guidelines.

Previous studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the use of proton pump inhibitor (PPIs) and the risk on exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive airway diseases (COADs).