Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, with increasing evidence linking metabolic dysregulation, such as insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, to its development and progression. A potential useful predictor of CRC risk is the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a marker for insulin resistance that is determined using fasting triglyceride and glucose levels. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the relationship between the TyG index and CRC and ascertain whether the TyG index is associated with the development and outcomes of CRC.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms of the digestive tract, most commonly originating in the stomach or small intestine, and driven by activating mutations in the KIT or PDGFRA genes. Liquid biopsy has emerged as a promising, minimally invasive technique to detect and monitor circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), offering real-time insights into tumor dynamics and treatment response. Specifically, detecting KIT/PDGFRA mutations in ctDNA may aid in assessing prognosis, therapeutic response, and resistance. However, the clinical utility of this approach remains unclear. To address this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic relevance of ctDNA mutations in GIST patients by comparing survival outcomes between those with KIT/PDGFRA mutations and those with wild-type profiles or no detectable ctDNA.

The authors summarize the somatic mutational landscape of endometrial mucinous carcinoma of the gastric (gastrointestinal) type [MCG], based on findings from a 5-case cohort and a systematic review of the literature, the latter including 25 cases from 3 published reports. The 30 cases were analyzed by variably-sized next generation sequencing gene panels, and featured 74 total mutations, including 20 unique mutations [mean 2.47 ± 1.14 mutations/case; median= 2; range 1-5]. Mutations that were identified in > 1 case included TP53 (20/30, 66.7 %), KRAS (11/30, 36.7 %), PIK3CA (9/30, 30 %), BRCA2 (4/30, 13.3 %), STK11 (4/30, 13.3 %), ERBB2 (3/30, 10 %), SMAD4 (3/30, 10 %), FBXW7 (3/30, 10 %), ATM (3/30, 10 %), PTEN (2/30, 6.7 %), ARID1A (2/30, 6.7 %), and CDKN2A (2/30, 6.7 %). The most commonly reported combination of mutations [irrespective of the concurrent presence of other mutations] included KRAS + TP53 (9/30, 30.0 %), PIK3CA + TP53 (4/30, 13.3 %), SMAD4 + TP53 (3/30, 10 %), STK11 + TP53 (3/30, 10 %). Regarding molecular classification, most cases (20/30, 66.7 %) were p53-abnormal, with smaller subsets being dMMR (10 %), of "no specific molecular profile" (6/30, 20 %), and POLE mutated (1/30, 3.3 %). In summary, MCG may display a spectrum of mutations of potential clinicopathologic significance. TP53, KRAS and PIK3CA are the most commonly mutated genes in MCG. The four molecular subclasses of endometrial carcinoma are represented in MCG, with p53-abnormal being predominant. Our findings highlight the molecular landscape of this rare and incompletely characterized entity.

Αn uncommon variant of squamous cell carcinoma is represented by verrucous carcinoma. Regarding the anal and perianal area, verrucous carcinoma is rarely described in the literature.

Histopathological growth pattern (HGP) is emerging as a promising pathological biomarker in liver metastases, with potential associations to prognosis and response to antiangiogenic therapy. Nonetheless, its prognostic role requires further elucidation for substantial heterogeneity of previous studies. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library for studies comparing the overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) between different HGPs in liver metastases from various cancer types. Data were pooled using hazard ratios (HRs) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to fixed or random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was also performed to adjust critical confounders. In total, 36 studies were included in the final analysis. It was demonstrated that desmoplastic HGP (dHGP) was associated with favorable OS compared with non-dHGP (HR, 0.59; 95% CI 0.54-0.64), replacement HGP (rHGP, HR, 0.60; 95% CI 0.49-0.74) and pushing HGP (pHGP, HR, 0.63; 95% CI 0.43-0.92), respectively. Similarly, dHGP also demonstrated improved DFS compared with non-dHGP (HR, 0.58; 95% CI 0.52-0.65), rHGP (HR, 0.61; 95% CI 0.49-0.77) and pHGP (HR, 0.51; 95% CI 0.31-0.83), respectively. In subgroup analysis, dHGPs remains an independent prognostic factor regardless of critical confounders, such as the preoperative systemic therapy, cancer types and HGP categorization criteria. This study confirmed the prognostic role of HGPs in liver metastases receiving surgical resection. Clinically, adding HGPs in prognostic models may provide further optimization.

Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPND) is a key component in the surgical treatment of advanced pelvic malignancies. Minimally invasive techniques have evolved over the past decade, with laparoscopic surgery as the traditional standard and robotic-assisted surgery emerging as a promising alternative. This study aimed to systematically compare robotic (R-LPND) and laparoscopic (L-LPND) approaches in terms of perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing LPND for advanced pelvic cancers.

Background: The management of indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs), classified as Bethesda III and IV, is challenging due to biopsy limitations in distinguishing benign from malignant nodules. While diagnostic lobectomy is the standard, thermal ablation (TA) is increasingly considered for patients ineligible or unwilling to undergo surgery. This systematic review and meta-analysis therefore evaluate the efficacy and safety of TA for ITNs. Methods: A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and COCHRANE databases was conducted through May 11, 2025, for studies on ITNs treated with TA, with ≥12 months of follow-up and reported clinical or safety outcomes. Case reports, abstracts, and reviews were excluded. Two radiologists independently performed data extraction and quality assessment. Outcomes included volume reduction rate (VRR), regrowth, delayed surgeries, malignancy detection, and complications. The Risk of Bias for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS) tool was used for quality assessment. A random-effects model synthesized pooled estimates, with heterogeneity quantified by Higgins' I2. Results: A total of 15 studies with 1149 nodules were analyzed, showing progressive VRR increase, plateauing at 48 months. The pooled 12-month VRR was 81.0% (confidence interval: 76.0-85.9%). Hydrodissection significantly improved VRR at 6 months (p = 0.03), while larger nodules were more prone to regrowth. Major complications occurred in 1.8% (21/1149), with no reported metastasis. Regrowth and delayed surgery occurred in 2.3% (26/1149) and 0.3% (4/1149), respectively, with three malignancies upon delayed surgery. Conclusions: TA may be considered a minimally invasive alternative for ITNs who are not candidates for or decline surgery, demonstrating favorable efficacy and safety. However, study limitations, short follow-up, and residual malignancy risk necessitate careful follow-up, particularly for larger nodules. Advanced TA techniques such as hydrodissection may enhance outcomes by increasing the likelihood of complete ablation. Long-term prospective studies and randomized trials are needed to confirm TA's role in clinical practice.

There is a bidirectional relationship between chronic kidney disease and the incidence of renal cell carcinoma. Despite the frequency of patients with both chronic kidney disease and renal cell carcinoma, there are limited systematic reviews detailing the nuanced treatment. This review provides comprehensive insights for clinicians for managing chronic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma. Methods and Methods: We reviewed published literature that examined either chronic kidney disease and renal cell carcinoma or an indirect contributor of both.

Oral cancer remains a major global health challenge due to its aggressive nature, high recurrence rates, and limited treatment options. Resveratrol (RV), a naturally occurring polyphenol, has demonstrated promising anticancer properties in various malignancies, including oral cancer. This systematic review aimed to evaluate preclinical evidence on RV's therapeutic effects in oral cancer, focusing on its mechanisms of apoptosis induction, metastasis inhibition, autophagy regulation, and immune modulation.

Superior sulcus tumors (SST) are usually treated with multimodal therapy, mainly trimodal therapy encompassing radiochemotherapy (CRT) followed by surgery. However, high-level evidence from randomized trials remains limited. We conducted a systematic review to assess the evidence of treatment strategies considering adverse events and oncologic outcomes.

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have assessed the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD- 1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), alone or combined with other therapies, for ovarian cancer. However, the optimal strategy remains unclear. This study evaluated their effectiveness as monotherapy and in combination.

Lung cancer metastasis constitutes a critical aspect of disease progression and patient outcomes. It is imperative to illuminate the complex landscape of lung cancer metastasis, offering a thorough evaluation of sites, rates, risk factors, and survival implications.

Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid models have revolutionized in vitro cancer research by offering more physiologically relevant alternatives to traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. A systematic search identifies English-language studies on patient-derived cancer spheroids for drug screening, using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with data extracted on cancer type, culture methods, spheroid characteristics, and therapeutic responses. This manuscript evaluates the methods for spheroid formation and the cellular sources used, highlighting the diverse applications and preferences in this field. The five most investigated cancer origins for spheroid seeding are breast, colon, lung, ovary, and brain cancers, reflecting their clinical importance and research focus. Among seeding methodologies, forced-floating and scaffold-based methods predominate, demonstrating reliability and versatility in spheroid generation. Other techniques, including microfluidics, bioprinting, hanging drop, and suspension culture also play significant roles, each with distinct advantages and limitations. This review underscores the increasing use of spheroid models and the need for standardization in methodologies to enhance the reproducibility and translational potential in cancer research.

Robust comparative data on the treatment efficacy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on disease etiology are lacking. We conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) and pairwise meta-analysis to evaluate the survival of patients with advanced HCC treated with systemic therapies based on etiology.

Increasing remnant liver volume before major liver resection is an effective measure to reduce postoperative adverse events of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to provide evidence for optimal management of HCC patients with insufficient future remnant liver volume (FRLV).

The prognostic role of the hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been widely reported, but the results remain controversial. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the prognostic and clinicopathological value of the HALP score in NSCLC through a pooled analysis.

Glioblastoma, a primary brain tumor, is the most prevalent and destructive intracranial tumor, and its therapeutics are restricted by insufficient doses and toxicity, resulting from classical drug delivery systems using passive delivery. Active drug delivery approaches using tumor-targeted nanomotors with the ability to actively bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can enhance the permeability and accumulation of carried drugs into the brain tumors. Nanomotors show self-propelled motion that enables them to autonomously navigate within biological fluids and efficiently penetrate across the blood vessels and BBB, thereby reducing systemic side effects and improving the efficacy of the administered dosage in the brain tumor. Several experimental studies have recently developed various functionalized nanomotors, such as chemotactic nanomotors, near-infrared (NIR) light-driving nanomotors, and bubble-driving nanomotors, to specifically target and treat glioblastomas. With their moving ability, such nanomotors provide superior bio-performances including cellular uptake, BBB crossing, and deep tumor penetration and accumulation. In this systematic review, the recent advances in the treatment of glioblastomas with nanomotors are described, and the mechanisms underlying their driving mode for penetrating and targeting glioblastomas are discussed.

Gastric low-grade dysplasia (LGD), as precancerous lesions, carry a risk of progressing to carcinoma, particularly in elderly or high-risk patients. Standard treatments like endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) can be technically challenging and risky. Argon plasma coagulation (APC) has emerged as a less invasive alternative with shorter procedural times but potentially higher local recurrence rates. This review evaluates the safety and feasibility of APC for managing gastric LGD.

Available evidence has unequivocally established the significance of inflammation in the onset and advancement of cancer. Pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) is an evaluation method that incorporates the role of different white blood cells (WBC) subsets to predict the progression of cancer. The main aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of the PIV score in predicting prognosis among women with breast cancer. A thorough search was performed on the Scopus, Europe PMC, Cochrane Library, and Medline databases up until September 25th, 2024, employing a combination of pertinent keywords. This investigation includes paper that explores the connection of PIV and survival in breast neoplasm. We utilized random-effects models to assess the hazard ratio (HR) and report the results together with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sixteen papers were chosen for analysis. The findings of our meta-analysis from multivariate data indicated that breast cancer patients who possessed high PIV score had a higher risk of shorter overall survival (OS) (HR 2.22; 95% CI 1.60-3.07, p < 0.00001, I2 = 55%), poorer progression-free survival (PFS) (HR 1.58; 95% CI 1.16-2.15, p = 0.003, I2 = 53%), and lower likelihood of achieving pathological complete response (pCR) (HR 0.45; 95% CI 0.27-0.75, p = 0.002, I2 = 47%) than those with low PIV score. The present review indicates the prognostic ability of PIV score in forecasting the prognosis of breast cancer patients.

To review, evaluate and summarize data from the literature presenting the risk of developing gallbladder cancer in patients with PSC and gallbladder polyps.