Both host and microbe metabolism of tryptophan (Trp) is altered in diabetes; however, the molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood.

Globally, an estimated 296 million individuals live with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, carrying substantial risks of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Fewer than 20% of patients receiving nucleos(t)ide analogues or interferons achieve a functional cure, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes in patients with chronic HBV infection.

Peg-interferon (peg-IFN) plays an increasingly important role in HBV cure strategies, either in combination with novel antivirals, as a lead-in or as consolidation treatment.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) enable successful hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) downstaging or bridging for liver transplantation (LT) but increase allograft rejection risk. Although immune-related adverse events (irAEs) reflect immune activation during ICI therapy, their association with post-transplant rejection remains unclear.

The impact of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) therapy on the long-term outcomes in chronic HBV infection individuals outside 2025 European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) strongly recommended treatment indications remains uncertain. We aimed to assess the association between NAs therapy and the risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Chinese chronic HBV infection individuals outside these criteria.

Most patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC) do not derive durable clinical benefit (DCB) from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), underscoring the urgent need for predictive biomarkers. While urinary proteomics represents a non-invasive approach for biomarker discovery and mechanism exploration, its utility in ICI-treated patients with cancer remains unexplored.

Non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGWS) is characterised by gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms related to gluten or wheat ingestion in individuals without coeliac disease or wheat allergy.

Without a vaccine, HCV (re)infections continue to afflict individuals at high risk, for example, men who have sex with men (MSM).

Idiopathic achalasia (IA) is characterised by the degeneration of neurons in the myenteric plexus leading to an irreversible impaired oesophageal function. Although immune-mediated mechanisms have been proposed, the underlying aetiopathology of IA remains poorly understood.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the leading global cause of acute viral hepatitis, lacks robust in vitro models for virology and pathogenesis research.

The JAK/STAT pathway plays a pivotal role in hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, a serious perioperative complication. Although signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation is known to drive I/R-induced injury, the specific post-translational modifications (PTMs) governing its activity in hepatic I/R remain poorly understood.

With population ageing, elderly patients account for a growing proportion of hepatic surgery recipients. Hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a major cause of postoperative liver dysfunction, particularly in aged livers, yet its mechanisms remain poorly understood.

The identification and characterisation of somatic cancer driver mutations in the non-coding genome remains challenging.

The burden of gastric cancer remains substantial in Asia. Gastric premalignant conditions, including chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia, are important intermediate stages in the gastric carcinogenesis cascade. The sojourn time allows endoscopic surveillance to have a pivotal role in early detection and timely intervention.

The clinical and molecular heterogeneity of IBD-both between patients and within the same individual over time-continues to pose a significant challenge to the implementation of truly personalised treatment strategies. Unlike oncology, where somatic mutation patterns define an actionable information layer, IBD lacks detectable dominant molecular drivers that can guide therapeutic choices. Although the therapeutic landscape has broadened with the advent of numerous biologics and small molecule drugs, predictive (ex ante) biomarkers for treatment response remain elusive. In this review, we assess the current progress and limitations of biomarker-guided precision therapy in IBD. We argue that traditional binary response definitions at single landmark endpoints fail to reflect the multidimensional and dynamic nature of therapeutic outcomes. We hence propose combined, and thus individualised, endpoints such as comprehensive disease control as a more holistic and responsive therapy goal in IBD. We propose to integrate the individual longitudinal dynamics of treatment response, and also continuous, objective monitoring of subclinical residual inflammation, analogous to the concept of minimal residual disease in oncology. In this concept, longitudinal assessment of patient-reported outcomes and molecular profiling in response to therapy may serve as early predictors of long-term outcomes, guide early therapeutic adjustments and reveal mechanisms that open new therapeutic avenues, such as adjunct or combination treatments. Adopting this dynamic, data-driven approach to treatment adaptation could shift management of IBD from reactive to proactive and substantially improve long-term outcomes with the vision to fully control a life-long disease.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant cancers and its incidence is steadily rising particularly in young patients. While screening measures and the widespread availability of surgical treatment have led to an impressive improvement of prognosis within the overall CRC population, patients with metastatic CRC still face 5-year survival rates of around 10-25%. Despite continuous development of new systemic treatment strategies that include cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy, most patients with metastatic CRC eventually progress. However, a small proportion of patients with mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite unstable CRC responds exceptionally well to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, thereby proving that CRC is in principle amenable to immunotherapy and showing that long-term disease stabilisation can be achieved even in metastasised stages. However, the reasons for the lack of response to immunotherapy in the vast majority of CRC cases remain to be elucidated. Yet, recent evidence suggests that the tumour stroma, which includes non-immune cells in the colorectal tumour microenvironment, mediates immunosuppressive mechanisms that prevent effective immunotherapy. These findings open new avenues for the development of advanced immunotherapies for CRC. In this review, we summarise major developments in the systemic therapy of CRC within the last couple of decades, provide an overview of emerging and soon-to-be implemented therapeutic strategies and present concepts from clinical and preclinical research to manipulate tumour cells and the tumour stroma to sensitise microsatellite stable colorectal tumours to immunotherapy.

Obesity-related alterations in the gut microbiota have been linked to cognitive decline, yet their relationship with attention remains poorly understood.