High expression levels of cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) have been recognized as poor survival in several different cancers. Nevertheless, the significance of CD47 in patients with solid tumors remains controversial.

Cancer vaccines offer an innovative approach to treating advanced breast cancer, by activating the immune system to recognize and target cancer cells, aiming to boost immune response, reduce relapse, and enhance patients' quality of life.

In the clinical management of advanced colorectal cancer, traditional Chinese patent medicines or their simple preparations are commonly combined with conventional chemotherapy; however, robust comparative evidence on efficacy and safety across regimens is lacking. Because the submission system does not allow relabeling the section heading, we have clarified this change here.

This review offers a distinctive perspective by integrating and critically evaluating the latest advancements in non-invasive biomarkers for Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) gray-zone prostate cancer. By synthesizing data on Prostate Health Index (PHI), Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 (PCA3), Transmembrane Protease Serine 2-ETS-related Gene fusion (TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene), proteomics, and microRNA (miRNAs), this work highlights their potential to enhance diagnostic precision while minimizing unnecessary biopsies. Furthermore, this review explores the clinical applicability of these biomarkers, bridging the gap between research innovations and real-world diagnostic strategies.The primary objective of this review is to analyze emerging biomarkers and clinical indicators that address the inherent diagnostic uncertainties within the PSA gray zone (4-10 ng/mL).Given the overlap between benign and malignant conditions in this range, traditional PSA-based screening lacks specificity, often leading to overdiagnosis and overtreatment.This review critically examines the diagnostic performance of the free PSA/total PSA (fPSA/tPSA) ratio, the Prostate Health Index (PHI), and molecular markers such as PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG fusion genes.Additionally, we discuss the integration of proteomic and miRNA-based approaches, emphasizing their potential role in refining risk stratification and advancing non-invasive prostate cancer diagnostics.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent malignant tumor in males, and many patients remain at risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) following initial treatment. Accurate prediction of BCR is vital for effective clinical management and treatment planning. This study evaluates the effectiveness of machine learning (ML) models in predicting BCR among prostate cancer patients, comparing their performance to traditional prognostic methods. We systematically searched four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane) for studies employing ML techniques to predict prostate cancer BCR. Data extraction included model type, sample size, and the area under the curve (AUC). A meta-analysis was conducted using AUC as the primary performance metric to assess predictive accuracy and heterogeneity across models. Sixteen studies comprising a total of 17,316 prostate cancer patients were included. The pooled AUC for ML models was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.81-0.84). Deep learning and hybrid models outperformed traditional models (AUC = 0.83). Models using imaging data showed improved performance (AUC = 0.82). ML models were most effective in predicting 1-year BCR (AUC = 0.86), with performance slightly decreasing for longer time intervals. ML models outperform traditional methods in predicting BCR, especially in the short term. Incorporating multimodal data, such as imaging, enhances predictive accuracy. Future studies should optimize and validate these models through large-scale clinical trials.

Recent studies have considered pancreatectomy combined with synchronous metastasectomy as a potential treatment option for patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This study aimed to evaluate the role of surgery in PDAC patients with hepatic metastases and to identify the prognostic factors. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched and the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was extracted from eligible studies. Pooled HR with 95% CI were used to reveal the association between synchronous surgery and overall survival (OS). Thirteen studies with 1107 patients were included. The results (pooled HR 0.496, 95% CI 0.414-0.594, I2 = 0, p = 0.531) indicated that simultaneous resection could prolong the survival of PDAC patients with hepatic metastases. Moreover, patients who underwent synchronous surgery plus preoperative chemotherapy had better OS than those who received synchronous surgery alone (HR 0.579, 95% CI 0.473-0.709, I2 = 0, p = 0.418). Preoperative chemotherapy, resection of the primary tumor, R0 resection margin status at pancreatic resection and postoperative chemotherapy were the prognostic factors in PDAC patients with liver metastasis. Synchronous resection of primary tumors and metastases could prolong the survival of PDAC patients with hepatic metastases, and adjuvant chemotherapy played a crucial role in the perioperative period of metastatic PDAC patients.

While established biomarkers predict immunotherapy response in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), additional noninvasive imaging biomarkers may enhance treatment selection. Pretreatment computed tomography (CT) texture analysis may provide tumor characterization to predict survival outcomes.

Using radiolabeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer is a promising therapeutic approach. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the efficacy and safety of actinium-225 (225Ac)-PSMA radioligand therapy (RLT) for prostate cancer.

The response to systemic therapy against metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is currently assessed by radiologic imaging. However, an increasing number of studies have shown that circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as liquid biopsy can be used as an alternative method to assess therapy efficacy. We conducted a systematic review with subsequent meta-analysis of primary studies to assess the prognostic value of sequential liquid biopsies in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with systemic therapy.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC) is an aggressive hepatobiliary malignancy with limited therapeutic options and poor survival outcomes. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) has emerged as a promising treatment alternative to systemic chemotherapy, but its clinical benefits require comprehensive evaluation.

Brain metastasis is a common and serious complication in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), often associated with poor prognosis. While traditional diagnostic approaches such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology are commonly used for detection, these methods have notable limitations. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in CSF has been reported as a superior alternative. This study evaluates the diagnostic test accuracy of CSF ctDNA for CNS metastases detection in patients with NSCLC, in comparison to CSF cytology, while also examining its potential prognostic value.

Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is regarded as a subtype of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Hence, extending progression-free survival (PFS) is crucial for enhancing the prognosis of VRL patients. Nevertheless, a lack of standard treatment options currently exists for VRL. This systematic review aims to explore the most optimal treatment strategy.

The role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) parameters to predict prognosis for patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) remains controversial.

To analyze the safety, adequacy and accuracy of ultrasound-guided tru-cut biopsy in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.

Uveal melanoma, a rare and aggressive intraocular malignancy, poses significant challenges due to its high metastatic potential. Tebentafusp, an innovative immunotherapy targeting melanoma-associated antigens, has shown promise in early clinical trials for metastatic uveal melanoma.

The tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) has emerged as a potential prognostic marker in several cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, results with high certainty of evidence are required for its implementation in routine histological analysis. Therefore, this systematic review aims to summarize the evidence on the prognostic role of the TSR in OSCC.

This study aimed to perform a systematic review of the clinicopathological, prognostic features, and HPV genotyping patterns of HPV-related multiphenotypic sinonasal carcinoma (HMSC).

Ependymomas are categorized based on anatomical location and specific genetic alterations, with extra-axial metastasis being a rare event, occurring in less than 1% of cases and documented sparsely in the literature. This case study details a 27-year-old male patient diagnosed with supratentorial ependymoma characterized by Zinc Finger Translocation Associated (ZFTA) fusion and World Health Organization (WHO) Grade 2 morphology. Additionally, a systematic review of all reported cases of extra-axial ependymoma metastases was conducted, systematically compiling clinical, morphological, and molecular data from relevant articles. Metastatic ependymoma represents a rare occurrence characterized by diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. A comprehensive review of the literature could provide valuable insights into the underlying biology and support the selection of optimal treatment strategies for such cases.

The omega class of glutathione transferases (GSTOs) includes two enzymes that catalyze atypical reactions, influencing key cellular processes such as cell survival, proliferation, drug resistance, and inflammation. In recent years, numerous studies have focused on GSTOs' role and on the significance of their polymorphisms in cancer risk and progression; though findings have been somewhat inconsistent. This systematic review aims to critically evaluate the current literature to determine whether GSTOs' polymorphisms may represent significant contributors to tumor progression, by analyzing their association with severity, mortality, and disease progression across different cancer types. Although for some types of neoplasms the studies reporting positive correlations are the majority, the role of GSTOs' polymorphisms in cancer remains inconclusive due to conflicting findings, limited data on rare variants, and multiple confounding factors; further research is needed to clarify their tissue-specific and context-dependent effects.

Well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are characterized by hyperexpression on the cell membrane of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). The demonstration of SSTRs, mainly the subtype 2 (SSTR2), is the prerequisite for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs (SSAs). SSTRs can be routinely demonstrated in vivo by SSA-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (SSA-PET/CT) and in vitro by immunohistochemistry (IHC). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to gather evidence from the available literature on the correlation between the in vivo PET/CT and in vitro IHC SSTR expression in NEN patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library, selecting studies correlating SSTR expression in NENs via IHC and SSA-PET/CT. Data extraction, quality assessment, and statistical analysis were performed. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria for systematic review (345 patients). Of these, eight studies (299 patients) provided sufficient quantitative data for meta-analysis. The pooled concordance between SSA-PET/CT and IHC was 76% (95% CI: 67.7-84.2), indicating a good correlation between in vivo and in vitro SSTR2 expression. Heterogeneity among studies was moderate (I2 = 65%), reflecting different patient cohorts and methodologies regarding both SSA-PET/CT and IHC. No significant publication bias was detected. Our results confirmed good agreement between in vivo tumor uptake with SSA-PET/CT and in vitro SSTR2 expression with IHC, highlighting the potential of using IHC for clinical decision-making in NEN patients when SSA-PET/CT is not available.