Air pollution poses a risk to the respiratory health of individuals with COPD. Long- and short-term exposures to higher levels of particulate-rich air pollution are associated with increased COPD exacerbation, hospitalization, and mortality, collectively implicating air pollution as a cause of adverse COPD-related outcomes.

Current guidelines recommend initial monotherapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with cardiopulmonary comorbidities, despite limited available evidence to guide management.

A 51-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with progressive dyspnea on exertion for 2 months after COVID-19 vaccination (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] vaccine). She did not have a cough, fever, hemoptysis, weight loss, or night sweats. She had no history of arthritis, rash, photosensitivity, or other signs of autoimmune disease. Chest radiograph revealed diffuse ground-glass opacities and bilateral pulmonary nodules. She denied any history of smoking, contact with individuals infected with TB, relevant hobbies, or exposure to domestic animals. She had no relevant medical history, was previously healthy, and worked as a chef.

A 19-year-old woman with no medical history who did not use tobacco presented to the hospital with post-COVID-19 cough for 2 months and new onset of shortness of breath and blood-tinged sputum. She was initially treated empirically for community-acquired pneumonia because her chest radiograph showed a right upper lobe infiltrate. Further CT scan imaging revealed a right hilar lymph node conglomerate and extensive lymphadenopathy. The patient left to pursue care at a facility that accepted her insurance. Two weeks later, the patient presented for severe left-sided lower back pain, and she was found to have new complete left lower lobe collapse, likely because of extrinsic compression of the left lower lobe bronchus. She was treated for pain, and she left for insurance reasons. Two months later, the patient presented with progressive shortness of breath and hemoptysis and a 23-kg weight loss over the past 4 months. Because of the patient's increasing medical needs, she was transferred to our institution, where she was admitted to the medical ICU.

A 28-year-old woman with a history of congenital hip dysplasia was referred for evaluation of recurrent bronchitis. She had undergone left hip replacement with titanium implants 11 years prior to presentation. The patient reported frequent bouts of bronchitis, sinusitis, and left-sided nontender facial swelling that started after the hip replacement surgery. She also reported nail discoloration of her left first toenail 1 year after this procedure, and nail discoloration of her right first toenail 3 years after the procedure. She was treated for onychomycosis without improvement. Review of symptoms was positive for chronic dry cough and facial tenderness but was negative for dyspnea, wheezing, or chest tightness. She previously had been diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency based on low immunoglobulin levels, and the condition was maintained with monthly IV immunoglobulins but without any improvement or change in the frequency of sinusitis, bronchitis, or facial swelling. She did not use tobacco, and her family history was unremarkable.

A 38-year-old man presented to the ED complaining of persistent fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, and diarrhea for 7 days. He reported a history of OSA with inconsistent CPAP use, tobacco use of less than one pack per day, and daily e-cigarette use or "vaping." He denied any contact with ill people or recent travels and was up to date on recommended COVID-19 vaccinations. Prior to his presentation, he had been seen at an urgent care facility twice in the last week, where he was given IV fluids and prescribed steroids without improvement.

Airway closure is an underestimated phenomenon reported in hypoxemic respiratory failure under mechanical ventilation, during cardiac arrest, and in patients who are obese. Because airway and alveolar pressure are not communicating, it leads to an overestimation of driving pressure and an underestimation of respiratory system compliance. Airway closure also favors denitrogenation atelectasis. To date, it has been described mainly in patients with ARDS and those with obesity. We describe three cases of airway closure in patients with hydrostatic pulmonary edema caused by cardiogenic shock, highlighting its resolution in a limited period of time (24 h) as pulmonary edema resolved. The waveforms show a biphasic reopening that we refer to as the "uncorking effect". The detection of airway closure may require setting positive end-expiratory pressure at or above the airway opening pressure to avoid the overestimation of driving pressure.

Machine learning (ML)-derived notifications for impending episodes of hemodynamic instability and respiratory failure events are interesting because they can alert physicians in time to intervene before these complications occur.

The development of novel targeted biologic therapies for severe asthma has provided an opportunity to consider remission as a new treatment goal.

Italy initiated elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) for people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) in July 2021. It has led to dramatic improvements in lung function, BMI, sweat chloride, and respiratory symptoms. However, few data are available on side effects or effects on a broad range of outcomes.

Critical care clinicians are likely to see an increasing number of patients admitted to the ICU who are receiving US Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs) given the well-documented benefits of these agents. Oral methadone, multiple formulations of buprenorphine, and extended-release naltrexone are the three types of MOUD most likely to be encountered by ICU clinicians; however, these drugs vary with respect to formulations, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality among American Indian and Alaska Native populations. American Indian and Alaska Native people use commercial tobacco products at higher rates compared with all other races and ethnicities. Moreover, they show lower adherence to cancer screening guidelines.

Vasopressors traditionally are administered via central access, but newer data suggest that peripheral administration may be safe and may avoid delays and complications associated with central line placement.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor ligands (SRLs) dampen immunopathologic damages in models of viral pneumonia.

A better understanding of the relative contributions of various factors to patient outcomes is essential for optimal patient selection for extracorporeal CPR (ECPR) therapy for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, evidence on the prognostic comparison based on the etiologies of cardiac arrest is limited.

Different patterns of fibrosis on high-resolution CT scans (HRCT) have been associated with reduced survival in some interstitial lung diseases. Nothing is known about HRCT scan patterns and survival in sarcoidosis.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a significant contributor to morbidity and death in infants who are born premature. Male sex is an independent risk factor for the development of BPD. However, whether male sex is associated with adverse outcomes that occur after formal diagnosis of severe BPD prior to hospital discharge remains unclear.

Preclinical experiments suggest protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids and their metabolites in lung injury and fibrosis. Whether higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids is associated with disease progression and survival in humans with pulmonary fibrosis is unknown.

Air pollution contributes to premature mortality, but potential impacts differ in populations with existing disease, particularly for individuals with multiple risk factors. Although COPD increases vulnerability to air pollution, individuals with COPD and other individual risk factors are at the intersection of multiple risks and may be especially susceptible to the effect of acute outdoor air pollution.

Simulation for the management of massive hemoptysis is limited by the absence of a commercially available simulator to practice procedural skills necessary for management.