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341. Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment.
作者: N Künzli.;R Kaiser.;S Medina.;M Studnicka.;O Chanel.;P Filliger.;M Herry.;F Horak.;V Puybonnieux-Texier.;P Quénel.;J Schneider.;R Seethaler.;J C Vergnaud.;H Sommer.
来源: Lancet. 2000年356卷9232期795-801页
Air pollution contributes to mortality and morbidity. We estimated the impact of outdoor (total) and traffic-related air pollution on public health in Austria, France, and Switzerland. Attributable cases of morbidity and mortality were estimated.
342. Risk of intracranial haemorrhage with bolus versus infusion thrombolytic therapy: a meta-analysis.
Although thrombolytic therapy given by bolus injection seems to be as effective as infusion over 60-90 min, no single trial has been adequately powered to detect clinically important safety differences between the two strategies. We did a meta-analysis to find out whether bolus administration of thrombolytics is associated with an increased frequency of intracranial haemorrhage.
343. Relation between tumour response to first-line chemotherapy and survival in advanced colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer.
作者: M Buyse.;P Thirion.;R W Carlson.;T Burzykowski.;G Molenberghs.;P Piedbois.
来源: Lancet. 2000年356卷9227期373-8页
Treatment of advanced colorectal cancer has progressed substantially. However, improvements in response rates have not always translated into significant survival benefits. Doubts have therefore been raised about the usefulness of tumour response as a clinical endpoint.
344. Depression after stroke and lesion location: a systematic review.
作者: A J Carson.;S MacHale.;K Allen.;S M Lawrie.;M Dennis.;A House.;M Sharpe.
来源: Lancet. 2000年356卷9224期122-6页
There is conflicting evidence on the hypothesis that the risk of depression after stroke is influenced by the location of the brain lesion. We undertook a systematic review to examine the hypotheses that depression is more commonly associated with left-hemisphere strokes than with right-hemisphere strokes and with lesions of the left anterior brain than with other regions.
345. Hysterectomy and urinary incontinence: a systematic review.
Serious complications after hysterectomy are estimated to occur in around six women per 10,000 hysterectomies in the USA. We did a systematic review of evidence that hysterectomy is associated with urinary incontinence.
346. Unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin in acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation: a meta-analysis.
作者: J W Eikelboom.;S S Anand.;K Malmberg.;J I Weitz.;J S Ginsberg.;S Yusuf.
来源: Lancet. 2000年355卷9219期1936-42页
In acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation, the role of unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin in aspirin-treated patients remains unclear, and there is conflicting evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) relative to unfractionated heparin. We did a systematic overview of the randomised trials to assess the effect of unfractionated heparin and LMWH on death, myocardial infarction, and major bleeding.
347. Large-scale test of hypothesised associations between the angiotensin-converting-enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and myocardial infarction in about 5000 cases and 6000 controls. International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS) Collaborators.
作者: B Keavney.;C McKenzie.;S Parish.;A Palmer.;S Clark.;L Youngman.;M Delépine.;M Lathrop.;R Peto.;R Collins.
来源: Lancet. 2000年355卷9202期434-42页
The original report of a possible association between myocardial infarction and the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the gene for the angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) indicated a risk ratio for myocardial infarction with the DD genotype of 1.34 (95% CI 1.05-1.70), and the association was claimed to be particularly strong in a retrospectively defined low-risk subgroup (3.2 [95% CI 1.7-5.9). Subsequent investigations reached varying conclusions, but all were small, and much larger studies were needed.
348. Favourable and unfavourable effects on long-term survival of radiotherapy for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group.
来源: Lancet. 2000年355卷9217期1757-70页
The long-term effects of radiotherapy on mortality from breast cancer and other causes remain uncertain.
349. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. ACE-Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group.
作者: M D Flather.;S Yusuf.;L Køber.;M Pfeffer.;A Hall.;G Murray.;C Torp-Pedersen.;S Ball.;J Pogue.;L Moyé.;E Braunwald.
来源: Lancet. 2000年355卷9215期1575-81页
We undertook a prospective systematic overview based on data from individual patients from five long-term randomised trials that assessed inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction or heart failure.
350. Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Prostate Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group.
来源: Lancet. 2000年355卷9214期1491-8页
In advanced prostate cancer, androgen suppression (AS) by surgery or drugs controls testicular hormone secretion, and the further addition of an antiandrogen such as nilutamide, flutamide, or cyproterone acetate is referred to as maximum androgen blockade (MAB). The aim of this overview was to compare the effects on the duration of survival of MAB and of AS alone.
351. Directly observed therapy and treatment adherence.
Direct observation of patients taking their medication is a strategy to improve completion rates for tuberculosis treatment, but the programmes to implement this approach consist of a complex array of inputs aimed at influencing adherence. Policy makers need a clear understanding of these inputs to succeed. We systematically identified and reviewed published reports of direct observation therapy (DOT) programmes and compared inputs with WHO's short-course DOT programme. DOT programmes frequently consist of more than the five elements of WHO's strategy, including incentives, tracing of defaulters, legal sanctions, patient-centred approaches, staff motivation, supervision, and additional external funds. Focusing on direct observation as a key factor in the promotion of adherence seems inappropriate. Multiple components might account for the success of DOT programmes, and WHO should make these explicit.
352. Chemotherapy added to locoregional treatment for head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma: three meta-analyses of updated individual data. MACH-NC Collaborative Group. Meta-Analysis of Chemotherapy on Head and Neck Cancer.
Despite more than 70 randomised trials, the effect of chemotherapy on non-metastatic head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma remains uncertain. We did three meta-analyses of the impact of survival on chemotherapy added to locoregional treatment.
353. Is screening for breast cancer with mammography justifiable?
A 1999 study found no decrease in breast-cancer mortality in Sweden, where screening has been recommended since 1985. We therefore reviewed the methodological quality of the mammography trials and an influential Swedish meta-analysis, and did a meta-analysis ourselves.
354. Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: a meta-analysis.
作者: P von Dadelszen.;M P Ornstein.;S B Bull.;A G Logan.;G Koren.;L A Magee.
来源: Lancet. 2000年355卷9198期87-92页
We investigated the relation between fetoplacental growth and the use of oral antihypertensive medication to treat mild-to-moderate pregnancy hypertension.
355. Pharmacological strategies to decrease excessive blood loss in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of clinically relevant endpoints.
作者: M Levi.;M E Cromheecke.;E de Jonge.;M H Prins.;B J de Mol.;E Briët.;H R Büller.
来源: Lancet. 1999年354卷9194期1940-7页
Excessive bleeding may complicate cardiac surgery, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Pharmacological strategies to decrease perioperative bleeding have been investigated in a large number of controlled trials, most of which have shown a decrease in blood loss. However, most studies lacked sufficient power to detect a beneficial effect on clinically more relevant outcomes. We did a meta-analysis of all randomised, controlled trials of the three most frequently used pharmacological strategies to decrease perioperative blood loss (aprotinin, lysine analogues [aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid], and desmopressin).
356. Efficacy of cervical-smear collection devices: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Few randomised controlled trials have sufficient power to show clear advantages of different designs of cervical-smear collection devices. We studied by systematic review whether the design of cervical-smear devices affects rates of inadequate smears and detection of disease and whether the presence of endocervical cells in the smear affects detection of disease.
359. Randomised controlled trials of ursodeoxycholic-acid therapy for primary biliary cirrhosis: a meta-analysis.
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only approved treatment for primary biliary cirrhosis, but its effect on disease progression and survival is uncertain. The aim of this study was to clarify the efficacy of UDCA in primary biliary cirrhosis.
360. Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. INDANA Group.
作者: F Gueyffier.;C Bulpitt.;J P Boissel.;E Schron.;T Ekbom.;R Fagard.;E Casiglia.;K Kerlikowske.;J Coope.
来源: Lancet. 1999年353卷9155期793-6页
Beneficial clinical effects of treatment with antihypertensive drugs have been shown in middle-aged patients and in those hypertensive patients over 60 years old, but whether treatment is beneficial in patients over 80 years old is not known.
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