In the Handling Oxygenation Targets in COVID-19 (HOT-COVID) trial, a Pao2 target of 60 mm Hg compared with 90 mm Hg resulted in more days alive without life support at 90 days in adults in the ICU with COVID-19 and hypoxemia. The trial was stopped after enrolling 726 of 780 planned patients because of slow recruitment. Herein, we present the preplanned Bayesian analysis of the HOT-COVID trial.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare hereditary disease mainly resulting in reduced or altered collagen type I. Collagen type I is a major constituent of the respiratory system, and normal collagen type I is vital for pulmonary tissue function.

The physiologic effects of different ventilation strategies on patients with ARDS need to be better understood.

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease with varying courses of disease progression. Environmental exposures are thought to be contributors to disease onset. Exposure to air pollutants such as fine particulate matter of 2.5 μm diameter or smaller (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have been identified as contributors to health disparities in lung diseases; little is known about these environmental exposures' associations with disease outcomes in sarcoidosis.

Accurate spirometry interpretation is critical in the diagnosis and management of COPD. With increasing efforts for a unified approach by the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI), this study evaluated the application of race-specific 2012 GLI and race-neutral 2022 GLI reference equations compared with Choi's reference equations, which are derived and widely used in South Korea, for spirometry interpretation in Northeast Asian patients with COPD.

A 70-year-old man was diagnosed with mid-thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (distance from incisors, 27-30 cm) because of progressive dysphagia and underwent thoracic laparoscopic esophagectomy at a local hospital. He was transferred from the ICU 4 days after surgery; however, a large amount of purulent fluid exuded from the neck incision after oral drinking, which was consistent with cervical anastomotic leakage. Later, the patient experienced difficulty breathing and expelling sputum; he was then transferred back to the ICU for treatment. A CT scan showed massive fluid collection in the mediastinum and left pleural cavity. Thoracentesis yielded yellowish fluid, and the patient's general condition gradually improved after placement of a closed chest drainage system. The patient's cervical anastomotic fistula persisted and did not heal, and he was subsequently transferred to our medical center with the closed chest drainage system left in place.

A 76-year-old male Vietnam veteran with a medical history of OSA on CPAP, mild COPD, Parsonage-Turner syndrome (a rare neurologic syndrome manifesting with shoulder and arm pain), hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, and prior endocarditis presented with 1 year duration progressive exertional dyspnea with minimal activity by referral from an outside pulmonologist. The patient reported possible exposure to Agent Orange during his service but was otherwise without significant occupational or environmental exposures. His exercise tolerance was well-maintained up until the last 12 months. Aside from marginal cigarette use, he denied any recreational drug use or any anorectic use. The patient provided records from a recent right heart catheterization (RHC) months earlier for review.

A 74-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and peripheral artery disease and a reported diagnosis of sarcoidosis presents for an episode of syncope and shortness of breath. She had a history of sarcoidosis diagnosed on chest radiography that showed lymphadenopathy. There were no associated symptoms, and she was not previously treated for sarcoidosis. She previously smoked and had quit smoking 9 years earlier.

Chylothorax, which accounts for 1% to 3% of pleural effusions, typically results from either surgery (traumatic) or underlying malignancy (nontraumatic). Less common causes of nontraumatic chylothorax are numerous and include congenital lymphatic abnormalities, connective tissue diseases, cirrhosis, and infection, among others.1 We describe what appears to be the first reported case of chylothorax caused by chylous ascites in Crohn disease. This case highlights the importance of using diagnostic evidence to link new symptoms to preexisting diseases whenever possible, as well as the systemic nature of Crohn disease.

In this installment of the How I Do It series on severe asthma, we tackle the clinical conundrum of choosing the right biologic for the right patient with severe asthma. With six biologics now approved for use in this area comprising four different targeting strategies (anti-Ig E: omalizumab; anti-IL-5 and anti-IL-5-receptor: mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab; anti-IL-4-receptor: dupilumab; anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin: tezepelumab), this question is increasingly complex. Recognizing that no head-to-head trial has compared biologics, we based our review on the expected effects of inhibiting different aspects of type 2 airway inflammation, supported whenever possible by clinical trial and real-world data. We use four variations of a case of severe uncontrolled asthma to develop concepts and considerations introduced in the previous installment ("Workup of Severe Asthma") and discuss pregnancy-related, biomarker-related, comorbidity-related, and corticosteroid dependency-related considerations when choosing a biologic. The related questions of deciding when, why, and how to switch from one biologic to another also are discussed. Overall, we consider that the choice of biologics should be based on the available clinical trial data for the desired efficacy outcomes, the biomarker profile of the patient, safety profiles (eg, when pregnancy is considered), and opportunities to target two comorbidities with one biologic. Using systemic and airway biomarkers (blood eosinophils and exhaled nitric oxide [Feno]) and other phenotypic characteristics, we suggest a framework to facilitate therapeutic decision-making. Post hoc studies and new comparative studies are needed urgently to test this framework and to determine whether it allows us to make other clinically useful predictions.

The prevalence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) has risen in the past 3 decades, attributed to advancements in immune-modulatory therapies used in transplantation, rheumatology, and oncology.

Single lung transplantation (SLT) has been shown to be associated with worse long-term outcomes than bilateral lung transplantation (BLT), but often is performed in older adults at risk of not tolerating BLT.

We investigated dyspnea; its associated risk factors; and its impact on health care utilization, quality of life, and work productivity in adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms.

Post-pulmonary embolism (PE) dyspnea is common. Existing noninvasive studies have demonstrated that post-PE dyspnea is associated with elevations in right ventricular (RV) afterload, dead space ventilation, and deconditioning. We aimed to use invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing (iCPET) parameters in patients with post-PE dyspnea to identify unique physiologic phenotypes.

The diagnostic performance of the available risk assessment models for VTE in patients who are critically ill receiving pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis is unclear.

Relatives of patients who are critically ill who die are at high risk for symptoms of complicated grief (CG) with potential individual and social burdens. The prevalence and predictors of CG, and in particular the involvement of individual facets of relatives' coping strategies, are not well understood.

The terminology of a do not resuscitate (DNR) order can be confusing and controversial for patients at the end of life. We examined whether changing the name to beneficial care only (BCO) would increase patient acceptance.

Preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) and restrictive spirometric pattern (RSP) are often considered interchangeable in identifying restrictive impairment in spirometry.

Breathlessness shares aging mechanisms with frailty and sarcopenia.

Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic systemic granulomatosis whose evolution is self-limiting in most cases. However, it can progress to organ damage that menaces the vital or functional prognosis of patients. Sarcoidosis itself, but also its comorbidities, can pose a threat to the patient, require rapid initiation of treatment, and justify emergency hospitalization.