Treatment for lung cancer can improve prognosis, but 5-year survival remains low at 26%. An examination of treatment using data with higher population coverage, and among a broader number of treatment modalities and individual characteristics, would provide greater insight into differences in lung cancer treatment.

Lower respiratory tract infections are common in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation in an ICU after an acute brain injury and may have deleterious consequences.

COPD management is guided by the respiratory symptom burden, assessed using the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale, the COPD Assessment Test (CAT), or both.

A 72-year-old man with metastatic pancreatic cancer was admitted to the ICU with increased oxygen demand and confusion, likely related to pulmonary metastases. In the presence of his son, the health care agent, and the team, the patient requested to be do not attempt resuscitation and do not intubate status before losing decision-making capacity. When the patient's brother and another son heard of the code status change, they insisted on a return to Full Code. Although the youngest son (the health care agent) was present for the patient's request to be do not attempt resuscitation/do not intubate, he declined to represent the patient's wishes and agreed with a return to Full Code. Numerous discussions over subsequent days revolved around the attempt to honor the patient's wishes in the setting of the surrogate's unwillingness or inability to make decisions in alignment with his father's wishes. This case reviews and analyzes the ethical options available to the clinical team in responding to requests for potentially inappropriate treatment at a patient's end of life and explores the roles of relational autonomy, beneficence vs nonmaleficence, and holding the balance of clinicians' and ethicists' professional, legal, and ethical responsibilities.

The serum antiglycopeptidolipid core IgA antibody test has been proposed as a diagnostic tool for Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary diseases. Cross-reactivity with other nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), including Mycobacterium abscessus, indicates that it may have a role as a broader screening test for nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). NTM-PD is believed to be underdiagnosed in patients with bronchiectasis.

The advanced practice respiratory therapist (APRT) is a new health care practitioner trained to provide a scope of practice that exceeds that of the registered respiratory therapist (RRT) and is aligned with an advanced practice provider (APP) role. As part of a physician-led team, APRTs are trained to provide diagnostic and therapeutic patient care services in multiple settings across the health care spectrum, including critical care, acute and subacute inpatient care, and outpatient care such as preventative, ambulatory, and chronic care. Competency domains that must be included in accredited APRT education programs include medical knowledge, interpersonal and communication skills, patient care, professionalism, practice-based learning and improvement, and systems-based practice. Some of the individual competencies included in these domains must be incorporated into didactic coursework, some into laboratory and simulation activities, and all competencies must be incorporated into clinical coursework. Preclinical preparation of the APRT student includes coursework with other APP students and other health professions students, and courses created specifically to address the required competency domains. APRT students also complete a variety of patient simulations using standardized patients, task trainers, and patient simulators to ensure they are prepared to complete clinical education. The clinical courses include a minimum of 1,200 hours of supervised practice by a licensed physician in outpatient clinics, interventional pulmonology, inpatient pulmonary services, perioperative services, and ICUs. The APRT is trained to assess patients, develop care plans, and order, evaluate, and modify care based on each patient's response, and can be incorporated as a valuable member of the cardiopulmonary patient care team.

The management of nosocomial pneumonia represents a major challenge in the ICU. European guidelines from 2017 proposed an algorithm for the prescription of empirical antimicrobial treatment based on medical history, local ecology, and severity (ie, presence or absence of septic shock). We assessed this algorithm's usefulness by comparing outcomes with and without guideline adherence in a population at high risk of multiresistance and mortality.

Recent treatment guidelines for COPD have replaced the long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) combination with single-inhaler triple therapy that adds a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA). However, the corresponding trials reported numerically higher incidences of cardiovascular adverse events with triple therapy compared with LABA-ICS.

Aspergillus species cause diverse clinical manifestations in bronchiectasis including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), Aspergillus sensitization (AS), and raised IgG indicating exposure to, or infection with, Aspergillus.

The clinical and prognostic characteristics of mild-to-moderate COPD with and without emphysema remain inadequately investigated.

Oronasal masks are used widely for treating OSA with CPAP. However, oronasal CPAP is associated with lower effectiveness and lower adherence than nasal CPAP.

Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is the treatment of choice for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Although most have normalization of pulmonary artery (PA) pressures, development of residual pulmonary hypertension (RPH) is challenging to predict.

Critical illness can render patients at heightened risk of anonymity, loss of dignity, and dehumanization. Because dehumanization results in significant patient distress, it is imperative to find ways to humanize care in the ICU. A Get to Know Me board (GTKMB) is a personal patient profile designed to bring the patient from anonymity; however, its widespread adoption has been challenging.

Obesity-associated asthma results in increased morbidity and mortality. We report 1-year asthma outcomes with a weight management regimen, the Counterweight-Plus Programme (CWP), compared with usual care (UC) in a single-center, randomized controlled trial in patients with difficult-to-treat asthma and obesity.

Alongside the recognized Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification, the Staging of Airflow Obstruction by Ratio (STAR) severity scheme has been proposed for categorizing COPD.

Albumin infusions may be renally protective or harmful in patients with septic shock who have kidney impairment. This can affect the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and in-hospital mortality.

Evidence on the effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters (PACs) in cardiac surgery is scarce.

Research on isolating genetically different strains within the same species in patients undergoing treatment for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease (PD) is limited. We investigated the frequency of genetically distinct strains identified within the same species among on-treatment isolates compared with pretreatment isolates throughout the course of MAC-PD treatment.

Robotic assisted bronchoscopy has been enthusiastically adopted in the United States and has transformed the treatment of patients with indeterminate pulmonary nodules. Unprecedented industry investments in research, development, and marketing have profoundly affected the bronchoscopy landscape, leading to concerns that conflicts of interest could influence the validity of bronchoscopy studies. Disclosures of conflicts of interest in research are predicated on open and transparent self-reporting.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a genetic disorder most commonly due to a single G to A point mutation (E342K), leading to debilitating lung and/or liver disorders and is associated with increased mortality. The E342K point mutation causes a conformational change of the AAT protein resulting in its retention in liver hepatocytes. This reduces AAT secretion into the serum resulting in higher protease activities due to the lack of inhibition from AAT, causing damage to healthy lung tissue. The current standard of care for lung manifestations involves weekly IV augmentation therapy and is considered suboptimal for these patients. Furthermore, there is currently no approved treatment for liver manifestations. The unmet medical need for patients with AAT deficiency remains high, and new treatment options are needed to treat the underlying disease etiology.