To evaluate the routine performance and the technical parameters of different acid-fast staining methods: Kinyoun, Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), auramine, and auramine-rhodamine.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep. Several techniques have been proposed to assess the collapsibility of the upper airway in awake humans, but sleep-wake comparisons have rarely been attempted and there are few studies comparing OSA patients to control subjects. We sought to compare two collapsibility measurement techniques between normal and apneic subjects, and between wakefulness and sleep.

To assess the long-term prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) for cardiac events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and late revascularization) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

To compare two different image registration methods for accurately displaying the position of a flexible bronchoscope on a previously acquired three-dimensional CT scan during bronchoscopy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has long been used to treat cancers within the tracheobronchial tree. There have been many reports about the use of PDT for the treatment of carcinoma in situ and for obstructive endobronchial lesions. PDT has not been previously reported in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. PDT offers the advantages of a relatively short duration of treatment, a low side effect profile, and relatively low risk when compared to Nd-YAG laser in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. We report the first successful use of PDT to wean patients from mechanical ventilation.

Pheochromocytoma is a notorious clinical entity. Although suspicion is aroused by severe hypertension in young patients, this sign is often absent. We present a case in which early absence of hypertension and nonspecific signs and symptoms led to failure of prompt diagnosis. The delay proved fatal when the patient developed fulminant pheochromocytoma crisis. This case illustrates a variety of clinical features seen from the vantage of the evolution of the disease as it went unrecognized. The patient's course underscores the importance of familiarity with the gamut of manifestations for timely diagnosis, and the priority of the latter given the looming risk of overwhelming complications.

In patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS, conventional mechanical ventilation (CV) may cause additional lung injury from overdistention of the lung during inspiration, repeated opening and closing of small bronchioles and alveoli, or from excessive stress at the margins between aerated and atelectatic lung regions. Increasing evidence suggests that smaller tidal volumes (VTs) and higher end-expiratory lung volumes (EELVs) may be protective from these forms of ventilator-associated lung injury and may improve outcomes from ALI/ARDS. High-frequency ventilation (HFV)-based ventilatory strategies offer two potential advantages over CV for patients with ALI/ARDS. First, HFV uses very small VTs, allowing higher EELVs with less overdistention than is possible with CV. Second, despite the small VTs, high respiratory rates during HFV allow the maintenance of normal or near-normal PaCO2 levels. In this review, the use of HFV as a lung protective strategy for patients with ALI/ARDS is discussed.

Patients with COPD have an increased sympathetic modulation and reduced baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Therefore, we studied the effects of breathing 31% supplemental oxygen (SuppO(2)) on autonomic modulation in a group of COPD patients.

To determine current pulmonary fellows' perspectives about their bronchoscopy training.

To define risk factors, identifiable on initial presentation, that predict subsequent physiologic derangements that are consistent with critical illness in patients presenting to hospital with GI hemorrhage (GIH).

The role of infection in exacerbations of COPD remains controversial and incompletely understood. Although some investigators believe that bacteria are not important for patients with exacerbation, we disagree and believe that patients with at least two of the three cardinal symptoms of exacerbation should receive antibiotic therapy. With an open-minded view of the area, we review the data, showing that bacteriologic studies, pathologic investigations, and clinical trials all support roles for bacteria and antibiotic therapy in this disease. Still, many questions remain, and future studies will be needed to better define the mechanisms of bacterial invasion in the bronchitic patient and to develop effective vaccines to prevent exacerbations. In the meantime, we must rely on antibiotic therapy, and we will need prospective studies to corroborate preliminary findings showing that different patients may require different therapies; thus, patient subsetting may be vital in the selection of antibiotic therapy for exacerbations of COPD.

We present a case of persistent spontaneous pneumomediastinum precipitated by an upper respiratory infection in a patient with interstitial fibrosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis who was receiving chronic corticosteroid treatment. The persistent nature of the mediastinal emphysema over 2 months eventually required treatment with high concentrations of inhaled oxygen that resulted in rapid resolution of the pneumomediastinum without recurrence over 6 months of follow-up. This case, along with others in the medical literature, emphasizes the need for early use of high-concentration inhaled oxygen in the treatment of pneumomediastinum in high-risk patients, such as those with connective tissue disorders.

Syncope due to atrioventricular block may occur as a result of a cardiac vasodepressor reflex. This article reports a case of syncope in a 58-year-old man with high-grade atrioventricular block documented by ambulatory ECG monitoring at home. What makes this case unusual is that the patient's principal diagnosis was noncardiac.

We hypothesized that patients with septic shock who achieve negative fluid balance (< or =-500 mL) on any day in the first 3 days of management are more likely to survive than those who do not.