Malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia in McCune-Albright syndrome is observed in less than 1% of cases, thus osteosarcoma is developing more frequently. According to the search in the PubMed database over the last 5 years, 13 publications were found, but none of them described cerebral cranium damage.

Craniopharyngiomas are benign tumors of the chiasmal-sellar region of adults and children, prone to local invasion and recurrence. There are two morphological types of craniopharyngiomas - adamantinomatous (in children and adults) and papillary (PCPs) (mainly in adults). PCPs are a rarer type (15-20%). In the literature of recent years devoted to PCPs, two main variants of these tumors are distinguished: 1) solid intraventricular (III ventricle) and 2) monocystic with a small tumor component located outside III ventricle.

Current prognostic models for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) primarily incorporate clinicopathologic features assessed at a single time point, resulting in a static risk assessment for individuals. Given that tumor progression is a dynamic process, especially for patients with CRLM, and patients' data are continuously collected during the follow-up visits, dynamic prediction is a natural model for risk assessments via reflecting the latest prognosis, whenever new marker measurements are available.

Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) represent a complex and aggressive category of brain tumors. Despite recent advancements in molecular subtyping and characterization, the necessity to identify additional molecular subtypes and biomarkers remains. To delineate survival subtypes in LGG, we propose a deep learning (DL)-based multi-omics SurvivalNet (MOST) model. By integrating histological RNA-seq, miRNA-seq, and DNA methylation data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we applied the MOST model to analyze data from 497 LGG patients. We employed consensus clustering to reveal heterogeneous subtypes, validated our findings using an internal validation set through a supervised classification algorithm, and further evaluated the robustness of our model in an independent external cohort. The DL-based MOST model identified two optimal patient subtypes with significant differences in survival (P = 3.07E - 16) and demonstrated a robust model fit (C = 0.92 ± 0.02). This multi-omics model was validated using external Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CCGA) datasets, including RNA-Seq (N = 497, C = 0.85), miRNA array (N = 89, C = 0.80), and DNA methylation (N = 89, C = 0.61). High-risk subcategories exhibited increased expression of the homeobox (HOX) family genes, regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, glycolysis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathway enrichment, and a high density of M2 macrophages. Our study utilized deep learning to identify multi-omics features associated with differential survival outcomes in patients with LGG. This work is anticipated to significantly enhance prognosis prediction for LGG due to its robustness within the cohorts.

Recent studies have revealed that the tumor microenvironment (TME) mediates neutrophil activation through multicomponent collaborative regulatory mechanisms, serving as a key driver of NETs formation. Cytokines, platelets, and complements activate neutrophil signaling pathways, ultimately forming NETs with protumorigenic properties in the TME. Notably, exogenous stimuli such as surgery, chronic stress, and pathogens can regulate NETs formation by remodeling the TME. However, the regulatory factors that induce NETs formation have not yet been systematically elucidated. Despite the identification of several factors that initiate the formation of NETs, the potential involvement of additional mechanisms remains inadequately understood. There is an urgent need for thorough mechanistic investigations utilizing cell lines and animal models in cancer. These studies will yield essential insights necessary for the formulation of targeted therapeutic approaches. This review delves into the mechanisms behind neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, tumor microenvironmental regulation of NETs formation, and exogenous stimuli that mediate tumor biological behaviors by inducing NETs. Gaining insight into these mechanisms will enhance our understanding of NETs and aid in crafting more precise strategies to inhibit tumor progression.

Phosphatidylcholine (PC), a core component of eukaryotic cell membranes essential for maintaining membrane integrity, has emerged as a critical regulator in oncogenic metabolic reprogramming. Accumulating evidence reveals that dysregulated PC metabolism constitutes a central mechanism driving malignant tumor progression. This review systematically delineates the biosynthetic pathways (Kennedy pathway, PEMT pathway, Lands cycle) and catabolic processes (phospholipase-mediated hydrolysis via PLA2, PC-PLC, and PLD) governing PC homeostasis. We highlight how PC metabolic networks orchestrate pro-tumorigenic effects via multifaceted mechanisms, such as enhancing membrane biosynthesis to support rapid tumor proliferation, activating some proliferative signaling cascades coupled with apoptosis suppression, remodeling the immunosuppressive microenvironment, et al. Notably, small-molecule inhibitors targeting key PC metabolic enzymes (e.g., RSM-932A, FIPI) demonstrate promising anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical models, though therapeutic outcomes are constrained by metabolic plasticity and tumor heterogeneity. By integrating recent advances in lipidomics and spatial metabolomics, this synthesis not only deciphers the evolutionary logic underlying PC-driven oncogenesis but also proposes innovative therapeutic strategies combining metabolic inhibitors with immune checkpoint modulators. Our analysis provides a conceptual framework for targeting phospholipid vulnerabilities in cancer, paving the way for precision oncology applications.

Accurate preoperative tumor sizing is critical for optimal surgical planning in breast cancer. Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) has emerged as a promising modality, yet its accuracy relative to conventional imaging and pathology requires further validation.

This study aimed to investigate the consistency of lesion identification by Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) and the related clinical and histological characteristics in a high-volume tertiary care center.

Accurate subtype identification of lymphoma cancer is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment planning. Although standard deep learning algorithms have demonstrated robustness, they are still prone to overfitting and limited generalization, necessitating more reliable and robust methods.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest malignancies, with limited effective therapeutic options due to late diagnosis, aggressive progression, and rapid development of drug resistance. In pursuit of novel treatments, this study reports the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new series of topsentin derivatives, featuring a 1,2,4-oxadiazole core. The newly synthesized derivatives were screened for antiproliferative activity against multiple PDAC cell lines (SUIT-2, Patu-T, and PANC-1), identifying several compounds with potent growth-inhibitory effects, particularly on SUIT-2 and Patu-T cells. Further studies demonstrated that these compounds also significantly inhibited cell migration and reduced clonogenic potential, with IC50 values in the micromolar range. The results suggest that these marine-inspired 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives effectively target key hallmarks of PDAC, including proliferation, migration, and colony formation, supporting their further development as promising candidates for overcoming drug resistance and metastatic progression in pancreatic cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a predominant cause of global cancer-related mortality, highlighting the pressing demand for innovative therapeutic strategies. Natural polysaccharides have emerged as promising candidates in cancer research due to their multifaceted anticancer mechanisms and tumor-suppressive potential across diverse malignancies. In this study, we enzymatically extracted a polysaccharide, named ERPP, from Ruditapes philippinarum and comprehensively evaluated its anti-colorectal cancer activity. We conducted in vitro assays, including CCK-8 proliferation, clonogenic survival, scratch wound healing, and Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis staining, and the results demonstrated that ERPP significantly inhibited HT-29 cell proliferation, suppressed colony formation, impaired migratory capacity, and induced apoptosis. JC-1 fluorescence assays provided further evidence of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization, as manifested by a substantial reduction in the red/green fluorescence ratio (from 10.87 to 0.35). These antitumor effects were further validated in vivo using a zebrafish HT-29 xenograft model. Furthermore, ERPP treatment significantly attenuated tumor angiogenesis and downregulated the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfaa) gene in the zebrafish xenograft model. Mechanistic investigations revealed that ERPP primarily activated the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. RT-qPCR analysis showed an upregulation of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax and a downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, leading to cytochrome c (CYCS) release and caspase-3 (CASP-3) activation. Additionally, ERPP exhibited potent antioxidant capacity, achieving an 80.2% hydroxyl radical scavenging rate at 4 mg/mL. ERPP also decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels within the tumor cells, thereby augmenting anticancer efficacy through its antioxidant activity. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic insights into the properties of ERPP, underscoring its potential as a functional food component or adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer management.

Objective This study aimed to show the clinicopathological characteristics of large retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RLS) and to develop a customized nomogram model for patients with large RLS. Methods A total of 1735 patients diagnosed with RLS were selected from the public SEER database. Among them, 1113 patients with a maximum tumor diameter greater than 150 mm were included for further analysis. Nomogram models were developed based on Lasso and multivariate Cox regression analyses. A total of 166 patients that presented in the same period at our institution were used for external validations. Results A larger tumor size in RLS was associated with worse survival outcomes. Lasso and Cox regression analyses consistently identified age, TNM stage, occurrence pattern, histology, and surgery as important prognostic factors for OS. The constructed model demonstrated robust predictive performance, with better time-ROC (time-dependent receiver operating characteristic) for 1-year (83.1%), 3-year (83.8%), and 5-year (81.4%) survival in the training cohort. The concordance index (C-index) was approximately 0.80 in both the training and validation cohorts, reflecting excellent discriminatory ability of the model. Survival risk stratification analysis revealed significant differences in survival outcomes of large RLS (HR = 4.12 [3.31-5.12], p < 0.001, in the training cohort). Decision curve analysis (DCA) confirmed that the nomogram provided greater net benefits across a range of threshold probabilities. Conclusion This study identified important prognostic factors for survival in patients with large RLS and developed a reliable nomogram for predicting OS. The model's strong predictive performance supports its use in personalized treatment strategies, improving prognosis assessment and clinical decision making for these patients.

Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) has poor prognosis. While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with chemotherapy show survival benefits in trials, real-world data from Asia are scarce. This study evaluates real-world efficacy and safety of chemotherapy with or without ICIs in Taiwanese patients with ES-SCLC and identifies survival predictors.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among Brazilian women, with a high percentage of the cases diagnosed at advanced or metastatic stages (mBC). In Brazil, where 75% of the population depends on the resource-limited public health system (SUS), mBC poses significant treatment challenges and disparities. To characterize this scenario, we conducted an online survey assessing treatment strategies available for HER2-negative, hormone receptor (HR)-positive mBC across public and private health systems. The 48-question survey addressed topics such as waiting time (WT) from oncology unit entry to treatment initiation, availability of oncologic medications, and access to palliative and multidisciplinary care teams. Between 2 August 2022 and 30 September 2022, a total of 180 oncologists were invited, and 150 met the inclusion criteria. The median WT for surgery was 60 days in the SUS versus 30 days in the private sector (p < 0.0001), and for chemotherapy, 30 days in the SUS versus 15 days privately (p < 0.0001). Endocrine therapy was the preferred first-line treatment in the SUS (83.3%), while fulvestrant was available to only 48% of respondents. Additionally, specialized palliative care teams were available according to 66% of SUS respondents compared with 82% in the private system (p = 0.001). These findings underscore persistent disparities in mBC treatment, likely driven by limited governmental health investment.

Pancreatic carcinosarcoma is a rare and aggressive malignancy that can mimic pancreatic adenocarcinomas in presentation but often has different disease biology and different responses to conventional treatment for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Case reports have documented a 5-year overall survival of approximately 13% only if the disease is caught at an earlier stage and is amenable to multi-modality treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. In the advanced stage, treatments do not often provide benefit, and patients may decline rapidly. There are currently no studies demonstrating survival benefits with chemotherapy in patients with metastatic carcinosarcoma, owing to both the rarity and the often late diagnosis of this aggressive entity. We present a case of a 71-year-old male patient diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic carcinosarcoma who received four lines of palliative-intent treatment: gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel, modified FOLFIRINOX, GTX, and doxorubicin. With careful selection of chemotherapeutic regimen as well as his ability to tolerate four lines of treatment, this resulted in an unprecedented 26-month survival. We also reviewed the literature on the histopathology, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare entity.

Since cancer is often linked to the aging process, the importance of cellular senescence in cancer has come under the spotlight. While senescence in cancer cells can serve as a natural barrier against cancer due to its proliferation arrest, its secretory phenotypes and alterations in the surface proteome can paradoxically promote or suppress tumor progression. Senescent cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells can also contribute to cancer promotion. During therapeutic interventions for cancer, not only their therapeutic effects, but also therapy-induced senescence may have an impact on cancer outcomes. Senotherapeutics, therapy targeting senescent cells, have been reported as novel cancer therapy in recent studies, and the combination of senescence induction and senotherapeutics has been increasingly recognized. Although some clinical trials of senotherapeutic drugs for cancer with or without senescence-inducible therapy are ongoing, there is as yet no satisfactory clinical application. With further research into targeting senescence in oncology, it is expected that senotherapeutics, particularly in combination with senescence-inducing therapy, will become a novel therapeutic strategy.

Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major indication for liver transplantation (LT), but accurate pretransplant risk stratification is critical to improve long-term outcomes. Traditional morphometric criteria such as tumor size and number are limited in predicting recurrence and survival. The HALP (hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, platelet), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio (GPR), and FIB-4 indices are emerging systemic inflammatory and nutritional biomarkers that may provide additional prognostic value in HCC patients undergoing LT. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, two-center cohort study included 200 patients who underwent LT for HCC between 2012 and 2023. Preoperative HALP, GPR, and FIB-4 scores were calculated, and their associations with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were assessed using ROC analyses and Cox proportional hazard models. Cut-off values were determined for each biomarker, and survival outcomes were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods. Results: A low HALP score (≤0.39) was independently associated with reduced OS but not with RFS. Conversely, low GPR (≤0.45) and FIB-4 (≤3.1) values were significantly associated with both poor OS and higher recurrence risk. Tumor size, number of lesions, and microvascular invasion also independently predicted poor outcomes. Multivariate analysis confirmed HALP, GPR, and FIB-4 as significant preoperative predictors of prognosis in this population. Conclusions: HALP, GPR, and FIB-4 are readily available, cost-effective indices that provide significant prognostic information in HCC patients undergoing LT. Their integration with morphometric criteria may improve pretransplant risk stratification and support individualized clinical decision-making.

The optimal sequencing of chemotherapy in locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) remains controversial. This study aimed to compare survival outcomes between adjuvant (ACT) and neoadjuvant (NACT) chemotherapy and to identify clinicopathological factors associated with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in a real-world setting.

Despite cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) being the second most common skin cancer worldwide, there were no approved systemic therapies for patients with unresectable and/or metastatic disease prior to the advent of anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (anti-PD1) agents cemiplimab and pembrolizumab [...].

Pulmonary carcinoids (PCs) are rare neoplasms involving typical and atypical carcinoids (TCs and ACs), defined histologically by absent or focal necrosis and mitotic counts (<2/mm2 vs. 2-10/mm2), respectively. Although uncommon overall, TCs and ACs represent the most frequent non-hematologic malignancies in the pediatric population. However, significantly less is known about PC in AYAs, a population often overlooked or analyzed within pediatric or adult cohorts. In this critical review, we analyzed existing literature on PCs in the AYA population using a question-and-answer format, emphasizing the substantial gap in current knowledge in this field and the urgent unmet clinical need for future scientific proposals. First, we analyzed epidemiology and the data availability about the association between PCs in AYA patients and genetic syndromes that typically reach the maximal diagnostic incidence within this age group. We then reviewed the available literature about the pathologic characteristics, clinical presentation, and treatment strategies for localized and metastatic disease in PC AYA patients. According to our findings, a significant lack of age-specific evidence and the need for international collaboration and prospective, AYA-focused clinical studies were underscored. Advancing research in this area is essential to improve understanding and develop tailored, evidence-based therapeutic approaches for this peculiar population.