Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) have been reported to exhibit therapeutic effects in Parkinson's disease (PD), increasing their potential for drug repurposing. One aspect of PD pathogenesis is thought to be associated with the gut-brain axis, where α-synuclein from the gut is transmitted to the brain via the vagus nerve (VN).

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options and poor prognosis, especially for patients who failed standard therapies.

Obesity-related alterations in the gut microbiota have been linked to cognitive decline, yet their relationship with attention remains poorly understood.

Diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) is the most common manifestation in germline CTNNA1 variant carriers, with one study estimating a 49-57% lifetime risk by age 80. Knowledge on CTNNA1-associated hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), loss-of-function mechanisms, variant-type causality, disease spectrum and cancer risks remains scarce.

Although surgical gastrojejunostomy (SGJ) is the standard method for palliation of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), an endoscopic method-endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE)-has been proposed as a novel, less invasive approach.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, largely due to the limited efficacy of current therapies in advanced stages of the disease. Most cases of HCC develop in the setting of chronic liver disease, particularly cirrhosis, where ongoing cycles of inflammation, hepatocyte death and regeneration foster the gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote malignant transformation. These molecular changes contribute to the high degree of tumour heterogeneity observed in HCC, a major factor underlying resistance to current treatments. As a result, sustained clinical responses to existing therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, remain uncommon. In this context, a growing body of evidence has identified epigenetic dysregulation as a key driver of tumour progression and therapeutic resistance, highlighting a new frontier for intervention. This review provides clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of epigenetic therapies in HCC, summarising results from both completed and ongoing clinical trials involving the so-called 'epidrugs'. Importantly, we discuss how targeting epigenetic mechanisms may not only suppress tumour growth but also enhance the effectiveness of current therapies by reversing resistance pathways. By translating complex molecular insights into tangible therapeutic strategies, epigenetics is poised to reshape the future of HCC management, offering renewed hope for more durable and personalised treatment responses in a disease where progress is urgently needed.

Recent advances in high-throughput microbiome profiling have generated expansive data sets that offer unprecedented opportunities to investigate the role of microbes in human health. However, the complexity and high dimensionality of these data present significant analytical challenges that often exceed the capabilities of traditional computational methods. Artificial intelligence (AI), encompassing both classical machine learning and modern deep learning approaches, has emerged as a powerful solution to these challenges. In this review, we systematically explore AI-driven methodologies in microbiome research, including clustering algorithms, dimensionality reduction techniques, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, and emerging large language models. We assess how these approaches enable the extraction of meaningful biological patterns from complex microbial data from a multiscale perspective, facilitating insights into community dynamics, host-microbe interactions and functional genomics. Additionally, we explore the transformative impact of AI on translational applications across both academic research and real-world clinical settings, including disease diagnostics, therapeutic development and precision microbiome engineering. By critically evaluating the current capabilities and limitations of AI in this context, this review aims to chart a path forward for the integration of AI into microbiome research, ultimately accelerating innovations in personalised medicine and deepening our understanding of host-microbiome relationships.

The cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor (Cck2r) is expressed in corpus isthmus progenitor, enterochromaffin-like and parietal cells, regulating acid secretion and cell turnover. However, the role of gastrin on Cck2r progenitors during mucosal regeneration remains unexplored.

Combining chemotherapy with anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) improves clinical outcomes in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), yet the underlying synergistic mechanism remains obscured. Moreover, 30-50% of patients still derive no therapeutic benefit from the combination strategy, highlighting the need to decipher and overcome resistance.

Effect of glycaemic control on pancreatic cancer (PC) development in patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear.