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2021. Monetary incentives in primary health care and effects on use and coverage of preventive health care interventions in rural Honduras: cluster randomised trial.
作者: Saul S Morris.;Rafael Flores.;Pedro Olinto.;Juan Manuel Medina.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9450期2030-7页
Scaling-up of effective preventive interventions in child and maternal health is constrained in many developing countries by lack of demand. In Latin America, some governments have been trying to increase demand for health interventions by making direct payments to poor households contingent on them keeping up-to-date with preventive health services. We undertook a public health programme effectiveness trial in Honduras to assess this approach, contrasting it with a direct transfer of resources to local health teams.
2022. Combination treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: randomised clinical trial.
作者: Sarah G Staedke.;Arthur Mpimbaza.;Moses R Kamya.;Bridget K Nzarubara.;Grant Dorsey.;Philip J Rosenthal.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9449期1950-7页
Plasmodium falciparum resistance has rendered chloroquine monotherapy ineffective in much of Africa, but data on alternative regimens are limited. We compared chloroquine+sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine+sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and amodiaquine+artesunate for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Kampala, Uganda.
2023. Prophylactic ibuprofen in premature infants: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
作者: Bart Van Overmeire.;Karel Allegaert.;Alexandra Casaer.;Christian Debauche.;Wim Decaluwé.;Ann Jespers.;Joost Weyler.;Inge Harrewijn.;Jean-Paul Langhendries.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9449期1945-9页
Ibuprofen is used for treatment and prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in low-birthweight infants. Its effects on regional circulations differ from those of indometacin. Because prophylactic indometacin reduces the frequency of severe intraventricular haemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus, we aimed to study the efficacy of early ibuprofen in reducing these outcomes in a double-blind, multicentre trial.
2024. Prophylactic ibuprofen versus placebo in very premature infants: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
作者: V Gournay.;J C Roze.;A Kuster.;P Daoud.;G Cambonie.;J M Hascoet.;C Chamboux.;T Blanc.;C Fichtner.;C Savagner.;J B Gouyon.;V Flurin.;G Thiriez.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9449期1939-44页
Patent ductus arteriosus is a common complication of prematurity that frequently requires surgical or medical treatment. The benefit of prophylactic treatment by indometacin, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, remains uncertain compared with curative treatment. This benefit could be improved with ibuprofen, another cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor with fewer adverse effects than indometacin on renal, mesenteric, and cerebral perfusion. We aimed to compare prophylactic and curative ibuprofen in the treatment of this abnormality in very premature infants.
2025. Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial.
作者: C Chintu.;G J Bhat.;A S Walker.;V Mulenga.;F Sinyinza.;K Lishimpi.;L Farrelly.;N Kaganson.;A Zumla.;S H Gillespie.;A J Nunn.;D M Gibb.; .
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9448期1865-71页
No trials of co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) prophylaxis for HIV-infected adults or children have been done in areas with high levels of bacterial resistance to this antibiotic. We aimed to assess the efficacy of daily co-trimoxazole in such an area.
2026. The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study comparing vigabatrin with prednisolone or tetracosactide at 14 days: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial.
作者: Andrew L Lux.;Stuart W Edwards.;Eleanor Hancock.;Anthony L Johnson.;Colin R Kennedy.;Richard W Newton.;Finbar J K O'Callaghan.;Christopher M Verity.;John P Osborne.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9447期1773-8页
Infantile spasms, which comprise a severe infantile seizure disorder, have a high morbidity and are difficult to treat. Hormonal treatments (adrenocorticotropic hormone and prednisolone) have been the main therapy for decades, although little evidence supports their use. Vigabatrin has been recorded to have a beneficial effect in this disorder. We aimed to compare the effects of vigabatrin with those of prednisolone and tetracosactide in the treatment of infantile spasms.
2027. Surgical excision vs Mohs' micrographic surgery for basal-cell carcinoma of the face: randomised controlled trial.
作者: Nicole W J Smeets.;Gertruud A M Krekels.;Judith U Ostertag.;Brigitte A B Essers.;Carmen D Dirksen.;Fred H M Nieman.;H A Martino Neumann.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9447期1766-72页
Rates of recurrence of facial basal-cell carcinoma are consistently lower after Mohs' micrographic surgery (MMS) than after other treatments, such as surgical excision (SE). However, MMS is more time-consuming and therefore more expensive than SE. We investigated the types of facial basal-cell carcinomas in which MMS was more effective than SE.
2028. Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial.
作者: Diane M Harper.;Eduardo L Franco.;Cosette Wheeler.;Daron G Ferris.;David Jenkins.;Anne Schuind.;Toufik Zahaf.;Bruce Innis.;Paulo Naud.;Newton S De Carvalho.;Cecilia M Roteli-Martins.;Julio Teixeira.;Mark M Blatter.;Abner P Korn.;Wim Quint.;Gary Dubin.; .
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9447期1757-65页
Vaccination against the most common oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types, HPV-16 and HPV-18, could prevent development of up to 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. We did a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial to assess the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a bivalent HPV-16/18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine for the prevention of incident and persistent infection with these two virus types, associated cervical cytological abnormalities, and precancerous lesions.
2029. Population-based multidimensional assessment of older people in UK general practice: a cluster-randomised factorial trial.
作者: Astrid E Fletcher.;Gill M Price.;Edmond S W Ng.;Susan L Stirling.;Christopher J Bulpitt.;Elizabeth Breeze.;Maria Nunes.;Dee A Jones.;Amina Latif.;Nicola M Fasey.;Madge R Vickers.;Alistair J Tulloch.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9446期1667-77页
The benefit of multidimensional assessment and management of older people remains controversial. Most trials have been too small to produce adequate evidence to inform policy. We aimed to measure the effects of different approaches to assessment and management of older people.
2030. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Bangladesh: early findings from a cluster-randomised study.
作者: Shams El Arifeen.;Lauren S Blum.;D M Emdadul Hoque.;Enayet K Chowdhury.;Rasheda Khan.;Robert E Black.;Cesar G Victora.;Jennifer Bryce.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9445期1595-602页
We report the preliminary findings from a continuing cluster randomised evaluation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy in Bangladesh.
2031. Use of regularly scheduled albuterol treatment in asthma: genotype-stratified, randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over trial.
作者: Elliot Israel.;Vernon M Chinchilli.;Jean G Ford.;Homer A Boushey.;Reuben Cherniack.;Timothy J Craig.;Aaron Deykin.;Joanne K Fagan.;John V Fahy.;James Fish.;Monica Kraft.;Susan J Kunselman.;Stephen C Lazarus.;Robert F Lemanske.;Stephen B Liggett.;Richard J Martin.;Nandita Mitra.;Stephen P Peters.;Eric Silverman.;Christine A Sorkness.;Stanley J Szefler.;Michael E Wechsler.;Scott T Weiss.;Jeffrey M Drazen.; .
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9444期1505-12页
The issue of whether regular use of an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist worsens airflow and clinical outcomes in asthma is controversial. Retrospective studies have suggested that adverse effects occur in patients with a genetic polymorphism that results in homozygosity for arginine (Arg/Arg), rather than glycine (Gly/Gly), at aminoacid residue 16 of the beta2-adrenergic receptor. However, the existence of any genotype-dependent difference has not been tested in a prospective clinical trial.
2032. Single-dose brachytherapy versus metal stent placement for the palliation of dysphagia from oesophageal cancer: multicentre randomised trial.
作者: Marjolein Y V Homs.;Ewout W Steyerberg.;Wilhelmina M H Eijkenboom.;Hugo W Tilanus.;Lukas J A Stalpers.;Joep F W M Bartelsman.;Jan J B van Lanschot.;Harm K Wijrdeman.;Chris J J Mulder.;Janny G Reinders.;Henk Boot.;Berthe M P Aleman.;Ernst J Kuipers.;Peter D Siersema.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9444期1497-504页
Both single-dose brachytherapy and self-expanding metal stent placement are commonly used for palliation of oesophageal obstruction due to inoperable cancer, but their relative merits are unknown. We undertook a randomised trial to compare the outcomes of brachytherapy and stent placement in patients with oesophageal cancer.
2033. Interferon beta-1a for brain tissue loss in patients at presentation with syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
作者: Massimo Filippi.;Marco Rovaris.;Matilde Inglese.;Frederik Barkhof.;Nicola De Stefano.;Steve Smith.;Giancarlo Comi.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9444期1489-96页
In patients who present with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis, interferon beta-1a is effective in delaying evolution to clinically definite disease and in reducing MRI-measured disease activity. We aimed to assess whether this drug can also reduce the rate of brain volume decrease in such patients enrolled in the ETOMS (early treatment of multiple sclerosis) trial.
2034. Efficacy of the RTS,S/AS02A vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease in young African children: randomised controlled trial.
作者: Pedro L Alonso.;Jahit Sacarlal.;John J Aponte.;Amanda Leach.;Eusebio Macete.;Jessica Milman.;Inacio Mandomando.;Bart Spiessens.;Caterina Guinovart.;Mateu Espasa.;Quique Bassat.;Pedro Aide.;Opokua Ofori-Anyinam.;Margarita M Navia.;Sabine Corachan.;Marc Ceuppens.;Marie-Claude Dubois.;Marie-Ange Demoitié.;Filip Dubovsky.;Clara Menéndez.;Nadia Tornieporth.;W Ripley Ballou.;Ricardo Thompson.;Joe Cohen.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9443期1411-20页
Development of an effective malaria vaccine could greatly contribute to disease control. RTS,S/AS02A is a pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate based on Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface antigen. We aimed to assess vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety in young African children.
2035. Screening and referral for brief intervention of alcohol-misusing patients in an emergency department: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial.
作者: Mike J Crawford.;Robert Patton.;Robin Touquet.;Colin Drummond.;Sarah Byford.;Barbara Barrett.;Ben Reece.;Adrian Brown.;John A Henry.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9442期1334-9页
Alcohol misuse is highly prevalent among people attending emergency departments, but the effect of intervention by staff working in these departments is unclear. We investigated the effect of screening and referral of patients found to be misusing alcohol while attending an emergency department.
2036. Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial.
作者: Ian Roberts.;David Yates.;Peter Sandercock.;Barbara Farrell.;Jonathan Wasserberg.;Gabrielle Lomas.;Rowland Cottingham.;Petr Svoboda.;Nigel Brayley.;Guy Mazairac.;Véronique Laloë.;Angeles Muñoz-Sánchez.;Miguel Arango.;Bennie Hartzenberg.;Hussein Khamis.;Surakrant Yutthakasemsunt.;Edward Komolafe.;Fatos Olldashi.;Yadram Yadav.;Francisco Murillo-Cabezas.;Haleema Shakur.;Phil Edwards.; .
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9442期1321-8页
Corticosteroids have been used to treat head injuries for more than 30 years. In 1997, findings of a systematic review suggested that these drugs reduce risk of death by 1-2%. The CRASH trial--a multicentre international collaboration--aimed to confirm or refute such an effect by recruiting 20000 patients. In May, 2004, the data monitoring committee disclosed the unmasked results to the steering committee, which stopped recruitment.
2037. Two 8-month regimens of chemotherapy for treatment of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: international multicentre randomised trial.
A WHO-recommended 8-month regimen based on ethambutol and isoniazid was evaluated in a randomised clinical trial against a 6-month standard regimen.
2038. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms' tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial.
作者: J de Kraker.;N Graf.;H van Tinteren.;F Pein.;B Sandstedt.;J Godzinski.;M F Tournade.; .
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9441期1229-35页
Present treatment for Wilms' tumour is very successful. Now, efforts are aimed at reducing toxicity and burden of treatment by shortening schedules without loss of effectiveness. The objective of this randomised trial was to assess whether postoperative chemotherapy for patients with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms' tumour could be shortened to only 4 weeks from the standard 18 weeks, while maintaining equivalent event-free survival.
2039. Intravenous immunoglobulin in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: randomised placebo-controlled trial.
作者: Otto R Hommes.;Per S Sørensen.;Franz Fazekas.;Monika Maas Enriquez.;Hans W Koelmel.;Oscar Fernandez.;Carlo Pozzilli.;Paul O'Connor.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9440期1149-56页
Several double-blind placebo-controlled trials of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis have shown beneficial effects of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) on relapse rate and disability. The European Study on Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Multiple Sclerosis set out to test IVIG in the secondary progressive phase of the disease.
2040. Oral amoxicillin versus injectable penicillin for severe pneumonia in children aged 3 to 59 months: a randomised multicentre equivalency study.
作者: Emmanuel Addo-Yobo.;Noel Chisaka.;Mumtaz Hassan.;Patricia Hibberd.;Juan M Lozano.;Prakash Jeena.;William B MacLeod.;Irene Maulen.;Archana Patel.;Shamim Qazi.;Donald M Thea.;Ngoc Tuong Vy Nguyen.
来源: Lancet. 2004年364卷9440期1141-8页
Injectable penicillin is the recommended treatment for WHO-defined severe pneumonia (lower chest indrawing). If oral amoxicillin proves equally effective, it could reduce referral, admission, and treatment costs. We aimed to determine whether oral amoxicillin and parenteral penicillin were equivalent in the treatment of severe pneumonia in children aged 3-59 months.
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