Endocrine inactive pituitary microadenomas are ones of the most common incidental findings in neuroimaging. Their prevalence is up to tens of cases per 100.000. According to current data, the vast majority of microadenomas remain stable over long-term follow-up, and the risk of progression, hypopituitarism, or the need for surgical intervention is extremely low. Clinical factors such as baseline adenoma size, gender and age have not proven predictive value for the risk of microadenoma growth. Current recommendations for follow-up vary significantly. There is evidence of safety of less aggressive strategies (delaying the first MRI for up to 3 years without clinical manifestations and no routine hormonal screening in patients with stable course). This approach combines clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Thus, current data allow us to consider endocrine inactive pituitary microadenomas as lesions with favorable prognosis. Revising international guidelines in favor of more rational and personalized surveillance strategies appears to be a justified and necessary step to optimize clinical practice.

Dopamine agonists are an effective and safe treatment for prolactinomas. However, analysis of recent data has shown that dopamine agonists, including cabergoline, can cause tumor fibrosis and complicate subsequent surgery.

Background. Diffuse brainstem tumors account for 10-20% of all brain tumors in children. These neoplasms are the leading cause of death in pediatric neuro-oncology. There are no effective treatments for this disease. Overall survival rarely exceeds 1.5-2 years.

Glioblastoma or grade IV glioma is characterized by extremely poor prognosis. Resistance to radio- / chemotherapy and recurrences are associated with tumor stem cells. Transmembrane protein CD133 is considered a potential marker of tumor stem cells. To overcome the limitations of detecting cellular CD133 by antibodies, potential of aptamers (nucleic acid-based molecular recognition elements) is being explored. To obtain reproducible results, it is necessary to study the interaction of fluorescent aptamers to CD133 with standard cell lines and cell cultures derived from patient tumors using various methods.

Horseshoe kidney is the most typical kidney fusion anomaly among children (0.25%) and associated with various urological and non-urological abnormalities. Wilms' tumor is the most common malignant neoplasm of kidneys and the third most common solid malignant neoplasm in pediatrics. Wilms' tumor in a horseshoe kidney is rare (0.4-0.9%). The authors present Wilms' tumor in a horseshoe kidney and describe diagnostic methods, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and tumor resection.

To evaluate diagnostic features of large ampullary adenomas of the duodenum using endosonography, as well as to assess advantages of precise approach to resection of complex adenomas with intraductal component.

To determine the predictors of perforation following colorectal stenting for malignant stricture.

The aim of the study - to study the immediate and long-term results of surgical interventions for colon cancer with spread to the organs of the pancreatic duodenal zone.

To evaluate long-term postoperative outcomes in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

This article presents two clinical cases of medulloepithelioma of the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body, an extremely rare congenital intraocular tumor that may follow either a benign or malignant course. In the presented cases, late disease manifestation was observed in the presence of similar medical histories and comparable clinical and instrumental findings; in both cases, histopathological examination revealed fungal flora. The article also discusses epidemiological aspects, clinical manifestations, and morphological features of this pathological condition, aiming to improve early diagnosis and enable organ-preserving treatment.

There is only a limited number of studies devoted to the molecular genetic status of patients with iris melanoma.

This study aimed to investigate the plasma expression levels of microRNA-223, microRNA-27b, and microRNA-155 in patients with choroidal melanoma (CM) T1-2N0M0 before and after brachytherapy (BT).

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a hereditary disease with a wide variability of clinical manifestations, from the almost complete absence of typical symptoms to a multisystem lesion of the body. One of the possible clinical manifestations of this pathology is a pheochromocytoma - a tumor of the adrenal gland with the possible development of considerable cardiovascular complications. The article describes four cases of patients with pheochromocytoma as part of familial neurofibromatosis type 1, differing in clinical course from asymptomatic form to vivid paroxysmal manifestations. At the same time, the presence and degree of arterial hypertension did not correlate with the level of metanephrines and the size of the pheochromocytoma. 3 out of 4 patients have a hereditary history of neurofibromatosis type 1. In 1 out of 4 cases, simultaneous bilateral damage to the adrenal glands was noted, while the radiation characteristics of pheochromocytomas, both with computed tomography and CT/PET with 18-FDG, differed from the "classic" ones. An objective examination with the identification of "erased" signs of neurofibromatosis type 1 made it possible to establish the diagnosis of bilateral pheochromocytoma even with questionable laboratory and imaging data. Knowledge of clinical manifestations, timely diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1, comprehensive treatment and subsequent regular monitoring of patients, as well as examination of blood relatives can significantly improve prognosis and survival.

Pituitary adenomas (PA) are the most common lesions of hypothalamic-pituitary region. Clinical presentations of PA depend on both hormonal activity and tumor growth characteristics. Despite the fact that PA are mostly benign, they can grow invasively and mechanically affect adjacent structures. With invasive growth of PA, radical removal is difficult and associated with a higher risk of surgical complications. Pathogenesis of PA invasiveness is not fully understood. Tumor cell invasion depends on both intercellular interactions within the tumor and interaction with extracellular matrix components (ECM). Major factors that play an important role in these processes include matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Two MMPs were mostly studied in PA - types 2 and 9. These molecules are of interest, as they participate in degradation of type IV collagen, which is a key component of the ECM in hypothalamic-pituitary region. This review discusses the general concept of PA invasiveness, the characteristics of MMPs, and research of the relationship between these molecules and PA invasiveness.

Presented herein is a clinical case report regarding successful surgical treatment of a patient for stage III stomach cancer and an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. Such a combination is a sufficiently rare and complicated clinical situation. The treatment was performed by a multidisciplinary team. The chosen policy of a simultaneous operation made it possible to reduce the time to initiating a course of chemotherapy.

A rare clinical case of locally advanced schwannoma of the larynx and laryngopharynx is described. Endolaryngeal resection with a CO2 laser was performed, the tumor was removed, and organ function was restored.

Ewing sarcoma is one of the two most common bone tumors in childhood and adolescence. More than half of cases occur in the second decade of life. Ewing sarcoma is rare in adults over 30 years old. Men prevail among patients (ratio approximately 1.5:1). Ewing sarcoma is rare in children of black and Asian races. Ewing sarcoma usually occurs in metaphysis or diaphysis of long bones of extremities. Lesions of pelvic bones, ribs and shoulder blades are less common. The most common foci of metastasis are lungs, bones and bone marrow. The authors describe a 12-year-old girl with Ewing sarcoma of pelvic bones. Chemotherapeutic treatment and surgical stage with simultaneous pubic bone repair with costal graft are described.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent oncological diseases, with rectal cancer accounting for a substantial proportion of cases. Surgical intervention remains the cornerstone of treatment, with its success significantly influenced by individual pelvic anatomy. Nevertheless, there is a notable scarcity of studies specifically focused on evaluating surgical complexity based on pelvic MRI pelvimetry.

To conduct a systematic review of literature data on robot-assisted multivisceral resections for locally advanced rectal cancer and to present own immediate results of these interventions.

Frontal lobes are essential in making complex decisions and ensuring subtle social interactions. Importantly, patients with low-grade glial tumors often have no deficiency detected by standard neurological examination, but they may be completely unable to live a normal life in real world. The key principle in choosing surgical tactics for frontal lobe tumors is analysis of pathway with appropriate functional system adjacent to neoplasm and assessment of its functional safety before surgery. Research data on surgery for glioma near motor centers indicate that transient motor deficiency occurs in 30-90%, persistent deficiency - in 4-47% of cases. Intraoperative monitoring reduces the incidence of persistent deficiency (from 8.2% to 3.4%) and increases extent of resection (from 58% to 75%). To identify corticospinal tract, some studies demonstrate superiority of subcortical stimulation with monopolar probe and multipulse technique over bipolar stimulation. Importantly, complete disappearance of evoked motor potentials during transcranial stimulation is associated with high (up to 85%) risk of persistent motor deficit. New methods for «passive» mapping of speech function (corticocortical evoked potentials) reduce postoperative speech deficit. They are indicated in patients with contraindications for awake craniotomy.