Progression of metastatic prostate cancer after castration resistance is one of the main challenges in prostate cancer therapy. 177Lu-PSMA-617 has been recently investigated in castration resistant metastatic prostate cancer.

Transrectal prostate biopsy remains the standard method for prostate cancer diagnosis, but it is associated with a high risk of infectious complications. In recent years, fosfomycin has been increasingly used as an alternative for antibiotic prophylaxis due to the increasing resistance of pathogens to fluoroquinolones, its good safety profile and ease of use. Results of several studies dedicated to the efficiency of fosfomycin are highlighted in this review. Fosfomycin demonstrates significant advantages as a drug for the prevention of infectious and inflammatory complications in patients after prostate biopsy, especially in case of increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones. Its efficacy, safety and ease of use make it an attractive choice and a reliable alternative in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance. Combination regimens with fluoroquinolones may be preferable for high-risk group.

In 2021, a new type of tumor was defined according to the new WHO classification (high-grade astrocytoma with piloid features, HGAP). Morphological and neuroimaging differences of HGAP from pilocytic astrocytoma complicate diagnosis. Now, significant detection of this tumor is possible only using molecular genetic testing, in particular, methylation profile analysis.

Intramedullary spinal cord tumors are a rare group of central nervous system tumors with special treatment approaches. The main problems are related to optimal time of surgery, invasiveness and recurrence of tumor.

To date, treatment of chordomas involves maximal tumor resection followed by proton therapy. Various approaches are used depending on location of tumor (transcranial and through natural anatomical openings (nose, mouth), as well as their combinations). Although transoral approach has been introduced into neurosurgical practice for a long time, it is routinely used in patients with chordoma only in certain hospitals in the world.

Planar hyperostotic meningiomas account for 2-9% of intracranial meningiomas. They are characterized by planar node following the contours of the inner surface of the skull. Hyperostosis is present in most cases. Timely diagnosis of skull base tumors is usually simple due to early involvement of the cranial nerves. However, convexity meningiomas en plaque usually reach large dimensions that complicates surgery and radiotherapy.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the background of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is one of the most common presentations of oral cancer among Asian population. OSCC arising in the background of OSMF (OSCC with OSMF) has been a topic of interest among researchers recently and a few studies have considered this to be a distinct clinicopathological entity. This systematic review analyses the demographic and clinicopathological variations of OSCC with OSMF from conventional OSCC to evaluate the distinctiveness of OSCC with OSMF. A comprehensive search from PubMed, Google scholar and manual search were carried out and 4 articles were retrieved and analysed systematically. Out of the total 377 OSCC with OSMF cases and 542 conventional OSCC, males were found to be predominantly affected (82.7% and 73.6%). 47% of the OSCC with OSMF cases were well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas as against 33.4% in conventional OSCC. Lymph node metastases were seen predominantly in conventional OSCC (49.1%) than OSCC with OSMF cases (40.7%). OSCC with OSMF were more prevalent in males and showed better tumour differentiation and lesser lymph node metastasis. Even though the present results inculpate OSCC with OSMF as a distinct clinicopathological entity, there is a dire need for thorough investigation.

Extramedullary spinal cord tumors at the level of craniovertebral junction are a rare group of neoplasms with their own characteristics. Taking into account the peculiarities of clinical course and complex anatomy of craniovertebral complex, these tumors present a complex diagnostic and surgical problem. A systematic review of literature data on epidemiology, clinical picture, diagnostic methods and dorsal minimally invasive methods of surgical treatment of patients with extramedullary spinal cord tumors of craniovertebral junction was performed.

Renal cell cancer accounts for 2% of all cancers. The gold standard for managing patients with no evidence of distant metastasis renal cell cancer remains is complete surgical resection. The clinical data investigating preoperative radiotherapy failed to reveal benefited from this methods. The role of routine postoperative radiotherapy in the management of renal cell cancer is not established in patients with localized disease after complete surgical resection. Renal cell cancer is radioresistant tumor for conventional radiation therapy. Although renal cell carcinoma is related to radioresistant tumors, in recent years new promising directions in radiation therapy have become apparent. To overcome the radioresistance of renal cell carcinoma, the use of modified radiation therapy regimens with high doses per fraction is justified. new technologies of radiation therapy, which include stereotactic radiation therapy allows to accurately deliver doses of ionizing radiation to a tumor, without the risk of damage to neighboring tissues and organs. Recent data showing that with the use of high-precision methods, such as SBRT, unresectable local renal cell carcinoma can successfully be treated with durable local control and low toxicity. Nonetheless, prospective, randomized trials and omparative effectiveness studies are needed to further evaluate this ablative modality in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma.

To analyze the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) devoted to distal subtotal gastrectomy and gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy in patients with distal gastric cancer.

To identify the most effective management of colorectal anastomosis failure via analysis of available literature sources.

Gemistocytic astrocytomas (GA) are a variant of diffuse astrocytomas GII (WHO, 2016). Like all diffuse astrocytomas, GA recur with time, which is often accompanied by malignant degeneretion into the anaplastic astrocytoma GIII or to the secondary glioblastoma GIV. However, the progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with GA is less than in patients with diffuse astrocytomas. Given that this group of patients, according to the WHO classification (2016), is classified as GII, patients with GA usually do not receive comprehensive treatment. We have conducted a thorough analysis of research on this problem for the period from 1956 to 2017. Differences in the histological pattern, immunohistochemical and molecular-genetic profiles, survival of patients with GA and diffuse astrocytomas GII are shown there. A clinical case of a patient with transformation of a diffuse astrocytoma in GA (GIII) and then into a secondary glioblastoma is presented.