Dysregulated calcium and vitamin D metabolism poses unique challenges for clinicians caring for patients with sarcoidosis. These patients often require supplementation to support their metabolic bone health, yet such interventions may theoretically increase the risk of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, along with their associated complications. This article presents four clinical vignettes that illustrate common dilemmas encountered in managing these patients.

Deep learning-derived, chest radiographic (CXR) age may capture subclinical structural changes associated with spirometric impairment.

Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has been established in the past decade as an important and effective tool for lung cancer screening (LCS) in high-risk individuals, with large trials demonstrating significant lung cancer mortality reduction. Beyond pulmonary nodules, LDCT frequently detects a range of smoking-related additional findings, including emphysema, coronary artery calcium, interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA), osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. Accordingly, here we review current evidence on the prevalence, prognostic value, and clinical implications of such smoking-related findings in LCS, with a focus on the findings themselves, their relevance in COPD patients, emerging technologies and future directions for integration into screening protocols.

Pulmonary vascular remodeling is implicated in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in chronic lung diseases. Computed tomography (CT) metrics of pulmonary vessels may provide insight into the impact of vessel morphology on PH severity in chronic lung diseases (CLD).

Geographic equity in access to donor lungs is a central objective of U.S. organ allocation policy. In March 2023, lung allocation transitioned from rigid donor-candidate distance thresholds to a continuous distribution framework using the Composite Allocation Score (CAS). CAS prioritizes medical urgency, projected posttransplant survival, biological compatibility, and geographic efficiency (continuous donor-candidate distance). On May 7, 2026, a policy amendment was approved that increased the influence of proximity on candidate ranking.

Management of critically ill patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) presents significant clinical challenges. Regardless of the underlying etiology or chronicity of PH, superimposed acute illness can precipitate decompensated right ventricular failure (RVF) and death. Hospitalization, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU), is associated with high mortality, with RVF serving as the direct or indirect cause in most cases. In this article we will focus on the management of acute decompensated RVF in patients with known pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). ICU management of the PAH patient with RVF centers on the recognition and treatment of potentially reversible precipitants for decompensation and supportive strategies to optimize right ventricular (RV) function. Key goals include maintaining adequate oxygenation and tissue perfusion, correcting electrolyte and other metabolic abnormalities, optimizing fluid balance and RV preload, enhancing RV contractility, and reducing RV afterload. Continuous monitoring of cardiac function is essential, as is identifying and treating potential complications, such as arrhythmias or acute kidney injury (AKI). When RVF persists despite maximal medical therapy, extracorporeal life support may be considered as a bridge to recovery or transplantation. In patients with advanced disease multidisciplinary discussions aligned with patient and family preferences should guide the goals of care. Integration of palliative care specialists to manage symptoms and support caregivers remains a critical component of comprehensive ICU management for patients with PAH.

Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) experience higher cancer mortality than the general population. Disparities in treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) among this population remain underexamined.

Diet may influence the pathogenesis of asthma, a heterogeneous syndrome comprising unique mechanisms or endotypes. Little is known about the relation between diet and asthma endotypes in children and adolescents.

Subsolid nodules (SSNs) and ground glass opacities (GGOs) are an increasingly common clinical problem. This unique subtype of lung adenocarcinoma poses a treatment dilemma as many can be safely monitored with radiographic observation alone and require no intervention. Improved understanding of the natural history and outcomes of patients with subsolid nodules is needed to improve clinical decision making and treatment recommendations.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) represents a pathophysiologically diverse and clinically intricate spectrum of disorders characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressures and progressive right ventricular dysfunction. The management of PH has evolved considerably over recent decades; these developments underscore the dynamic nature of the field and the necessity for continual reappraisal of diagnostic and therapeutic frameworks. The European Society of Cardiology and Respiratory Society (ESC/ERS) and the World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) were pivotal in addressing key PH topics, including hemodynamic definitions, disease classification, risk stratification and evolving therapeutic agents, and generating consensus-driven recommendations that shape global clinical practice.

ARDS constitutes a major cause of mortality with limited therapeutic options.

Minimally important differences (MIDs) often define treatment response in refractory chronic cough (RCC). However, MIDs represent the smallest change in an outcome that patients perceive as important and do not indicate whether cough has improved to a level that would be considered adequately controlled. Therefore, defining criteria for cough control may provide a complementary benchmark for evaluating treatment success.

Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have pulmonary system abnormalities resulting in impaired ventilatory reserve and heightened respiratory muscle work during submaximal exercise.

Childhood interstitial lung diseases (chILDs) are rare, heterogeneous chronic pulmonary disorders that are often underdiagnosed due to their low prevalence and non-specific clinical presentation. Persistent tachypnea of infancy, often referred to as neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (PTI/NEHI), is one of the most frequent forms of chILD, though its underlying etiology remains unknown.

Sybil is a deep learning model designed to predict future lung cancer risk based on a single low-dose chest CT (LDCT) scan, facilitating a precision-based approach to lung cancer screening (LCS).

Right ventricular (RV) function and volumes assessment by cardiac MRI has emerged as a strong prognostic marker in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), but expert centers propose different thresholds, possibly explainable by methodologic differences.