The global aging population includes an increasing number of elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to clarify the real-world outcomes, prognostic factors, and appropriate administration indicators for immunotherapy in elderly HCC patients.

This study investigates the mechanisms by which GNL3L influences ESCC progression.

Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are precursors to pancreatic cancer, with an increasing incidence due to advances in imaging techniques. This study aimed to identify risk factors for malignant transformation in IPMN and develop a predictive model using data from a large medical center in western China.

Classical mycosis fungoides (CMF), the most common form of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, shows marked heterogeneity in disease progression and prognosis, while reliable molecular prognostic markers remain scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) expression in early-stage CMF.

In primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), the risk for gallbladder malignancy is increased. Surveillance imaging is used for early diagnosis. The study aims to assess the reliability of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of gallbladder polyps in people with PSC and to define a polyp size as a cut-off at which cholecystectomy is indicated due to the high probability of a malignant finding.

Bone metastasis frequently occurs in patients with prostate cancer, however, a consensus has not been reached regarding bone scan image analysis. We aimed to analyse various bone scan imaging features of metastatic prostate cancer and to assess their impact on prognosis.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents the majority of lung cancer cases, with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations playing a crucial role in disease prognosis and treatment. Around half of Asian patients with NSCLC, particularly non-smoking women, have EGFR mutations. These patients with NSCLC typically exhibit a single EGFR mutation in exon 18, 19, 20, or 21. It is extremely rare for patients with bilateral primary NSCLC to harbor two different EGFR mutations.

EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinct molecular subtype of gastric cancer with EBV latency infection. EBV microRNAs, especially rightward transcript (BART) microRNAs, play key roles in the tumor growth of EBVaGC. However, the effects of EBV-miR-BART19-3p in EBVaGC remain largely unknown.

The comparative diagnostic performance of biparametric MRI (bpMRI) versus multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) for clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) continues to be debated. This study aimed to compare mpMRI and bpMRI in detecting csPCa across prostate-specific antigen (PSA) strata and identify supplementary tools comparable to dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging.

Epitranscriptomic data indicate that aberrant tRNA modifications in malignant diseases can promote tumor growth by facilitating oncogene translation. NSUN2, a 5-methylcytosine (m5C) methyltransferase of tRNA, is elevated in an array of solid cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, it remains unclear how NSUN2 drives aggressive behavior and if NSUN2 could be an effective therapeutic target for TNBC.

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has improved colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment by reducing recovery time, pain, and infection risk compared to traditional open surgery, though a mini laparotomy is still needed for specimen removal. Natural orifice specimen extraction (NOSE) offers a promising alternative by using natural body openings for extraction, potentially minimizing complications further, yet requires more evidence to confirm its safety and effectiveness over conventional methods.

18p deletion (18p-) syndrome is a rare chromosomal abnormality with a wide range of phenotypes. Its main clinical features are short stature, intellectual disability, and facial dysmorphism, which are rarely accompanied by autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) or pituitary abnormalities. Herein, we report the first Chinese patient with a de novo 18p deletion who presented with ATD and non-functioning pituitary adenoma.

Cellular senescence plays a significant role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Substantial evidence indicates that senescence occurs in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the predominant stromal component within the tumor microenvironment (TME), which profoundly impacts tumor biology. However, despite growing evidence of stromal cell involvement in cancer progression, the specific mechanisms and clinical implications of senescent CAFs (SCAFs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been fully elucidated.

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) of the pancreas is a rare tumor of pancreatic mesenchymal origin with malignant potential. Critical to appropriate clinical management is determining whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Because of its rarity, morphologic and histologic characteristics and limited patient follow-up of pancreatic PEComa have precluded precise definition of malignancy. However, because malignant pancreatic PEComa appears to be distinctly uncommon, further improvements characterizing its preoperative imaging features could facilitate use of diagnostic endoscopic ultrasound biopsy and perhaps ablative treatment. This paper presents a case of pancreatic PEComa treated at the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College and includes a systematic literature review with special emphasis on the key imaging features of pancreatic PEComa.

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized clinical oncology; however, the inherent complexity and heterogeneity of cancer present substantial challenges to achieving broad therapeutic efficacy. Tumor heterogeneity manifests not only among different patients but also within individual tumors, further complicating personalized treatment approaches. Single-cell sequencing technologies encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and spatial omics have significantly enhanced our ability to dissect tumor heterogeneity at single-cell resolution with multi-layered depth. These approaches have illuminated tumor biology, immune escape mechanisms, treatment resistance, and patient-specific immune response mechanisms, thereby substantially advancing precision oncology strategies. This review systematically examines recent advances in single-cell multi-omics technologies across various cancer research areas, emphasizing their transformative impacts on understanding tumor heterogeneity, immunotherapy, minimal residual disease monitoring, and neoantigen discovery. Additionally, we discuss current technical and analytical limitations and unresolved questions associated with single-cell technologies. We anticipate single-cell multi-omics technologies will become central to precision oncology, facilitating truly personalized therapeutic interventions.

Dysgerminoma, a uncommon malignant neoplasm originating from primitive ovarian germ cells, is exceptionally rare during pregnancy. While several studies have documented dysgerminoma diagnosis via peritoneal effusion cytology, no cases identified during pregnancy have been reported to date. This study presents the first reported case of dysgerminoma diagnosed through peritoneal effusion cytology in a pregnant patient.

Digestive system cancers-including gastric, liver, colorectal, esophageal, and pancreatic malignancies-remain leading causes of cancer death, with treatment resistance posing major challenges in advanced disease. Patient-derived cancer organoids (PDCOs), 3D mini-tumors grown from patient biopsies, have revolutionized personalized oncology by faithfully replicating tumor biology and enabling predictive drug testing for chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. While demonstrating good predictive accuracy, current limitations include incomplete tumor microenvironments, variable establishment rates, and lengthy processing times. Emerging technologies like AI, organ-on-chip systems, and 3D bioprinting are addressing these challenges, while clinical trials explore applications in neoadjuvant therapy and real-time treatment guidance. This Review highlights key advances in PDCO technology and its transformative potential for treatment decision-making in digestive system cancers, bridging laboratory research with clinical care to enable truly personalized therapeutic strategies tailored to individual tumor biology.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) offers a non-invasive, deep-penetrating approach by using ultrasound to activate sonosensitizers and generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Yet poor intratumoral delivery and low ROS quantum yields of existing agents have stalled clinical translation. Here, we present a synergistic SDT platform that overcomes these barriers by combining transient vasodilation of tumor microvessels with the clinically widely used Antianginal drug isosorbide mononitrate and an acceptor-donor-acceptor-donor-acceptor type organic nanosonosensitizer (BTz) engineered for a narrow bandgap and enhanced ultrasound responsiveness. Isosorbide mononitrate increases nanosonosensitizer accumulation by ~ 1.8-fold. Under ultrasound irradiation, nanosonosensitizer produced high ROS generation, resulting in 78% tumor growth inhibition in murine HCC models-nearly double that of SDT alone-without detectable systemic toxicity. Crucially, the near-infrared fluorescence of nanosonosensitizer enabled real-time, image-guided tracking of sonosensitizer uptake and therapeutic response. By repurposing a safe vasodilator and integrating it with a high-performance organic sonosensitizer, this work establishes a readily translatable, minimally invasive paradigm for precise SDT of localized, inoperable or metastatic HCC.

Bladder cancer is characterized by its heterogeneous nature and high propensity for recurrence and progression. The absence of reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to accurately identify high-risk patients further complicates the clinical management of the disease. MOC-31, an antibody that targets epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), is utilized to distinguish between mesothelioma and metastatic cancer, but its clinical utility, prognostic value and functional dynamics in bladder cancer have yet to be verified.

The global incidence of thyroid cancer, particularly papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), is rising due to more frequent incidental findings. Despite a high 10-year survival rate of 93%, up to 28% of PTC patients experience locoregional recurrence. Postoperative monitoring typically relies on serum thyroglobulin (Tg), but the presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) interferes with Tg measurement, necessitating reliable detection methods. This study aimed to assess the predictive value of postoperative TgAb levels for PTC recurrence and establish a TgAb threshold as a prognostic marker.