Metallothionein (MT) is a small protein with a high affinity for divalent heavy metals and has a function in zinc homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to assess the MT mRNA gene expression as well as the MT protein content by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced precancerous and cancerous colonic tissue in rats.

Although high-mobility group A2 (HMGA2) protein has been reported to participate in cancer progression and metastasis, its clinical relationship with tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, and prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to analyze the clinical and prognostic significance of HMGA2 in ESCC patients after curative resection.

Mutations in K-ras codon 12 and 13 of exon 2 are known to affect prognosis and impart resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor monoclonal antibody therapy in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Our aim was to investigate the utility value of modified mismatch polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay to detect mutation in K-ras codons of CRC patients and to relate the mutational status to liver metastasis.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) carries a poor prognosis with high recurrence rates. Salvage stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) may be an effective treatment option.

Adjuvant treatment options for Stage I seminoma include active surveillance, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Active surveillance may not be ideal for the average Indian patient. Of the two accepted adjuvant therapy options, namely single-dose carboplatin chemotherapy and radiotherapy to the retroperitoneal nodes, though it intuitively appears more appealing, a deeper review reveals the potential drawbacks of chemotherapy. This article highlights the misconceptions regarding carboplatin and provides reasons for an argument why radiotherapy is better when a patient with Stage I seminoma chooses to undergo adjuvant treatment.

To assess how often patients receive dental implants after mandibular resection for benign neoplasms and to determine barriers to completion of functional reconstruction.

Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch contains a variety of components such as flavonoid. The previous studies showed that flavonoid has anti-cancer properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing potential of hydroalcoholic Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch extract (HAWE) on MCF-7 and MDA-Mb-468 human breast carcinoma cell lines. The anti-proliferative activity of HAWE was evaluated using MTT, flowcytometry by annexin V/PI double staining, and caspase-3 activity. The results of MTT showed that the ED50 of MCF-7 and MDA-Mb-468 was 25μg/ml of HAWE, 48h after treatment. Flowcytometry by annexin V/PI showed that HAWE induced late apoptosis in MCF-7 and early apoptosis in MDA-Mb-468. In addition, the caspase-3 colorimetric method showed that caspase-3 increased in the MDA-Mb-468 after treatment with HAWE. This study found that the hydroalcoholic extract of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch induced apoptosis in both the MCF-7 and MDA-Mb-468 human breast carcinoma cell lines.

3-Chloromethylene-6-fluorothiochroman-4-one (CMFT) is a novel thiochromanones derivative that has better anti-tumor activity. In this paper, we will compare the antitumor activity of the cis-trans isomers, and explore their inhibiting effects on human topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II in cell free reaction system. The MTT method was used to study inhibition rates; the AO/EB double staining and TUNEL assay was used to assess proportion of apoptotic cells. The inhibition of CMFT to Topo I and II could be identified by adding CMFT solutions to Topo-DNA reaction mixtures and observing the relative quantities of relaxed strands and supercoils in electrophoresis assay. Results showed that CMFT had dramatic anti-tumor activities at low concentrations and the activity of CMFT trans-isomer is more significant. Use of AO/EB double staining and TUNEL indicated that CMFT induces apoptosis. DNA relaxation assays and DNA cleavage and relegation assays were performed and showed a higher potential to interact with topoisomerase I (Topo I) and topoisomerase II (Topo II) and it was verified that CMFT is a Topo poison which could be one of the mechanisms that induce cell apoptosis. Our results provide preliminary data for further investigation for the mechanism of CMFT of the apoptotic mechanism.

To analyze the curative effects of the transvaginal myomectomy (TVM) and the traditional transabdominal myomectomy (TAM). The group with traditional TAM received routine preoperative nursing guidance and postoperative care. While the group with TVM received preoperative strengthened psychological care, vaginal preparation and postoperative strengthened vagina nursing, paying attention to the prevention and treatment of complications, and maintaining effective pelvic draining and other nursing measures. After that, the statistical processing and analysis were used to compared the intraoperative blood loss, operating time, postoperative infusion time, hospitalization time, postoperative eating, postoperative ambulation, the usage rate of postoperative analgesic, postoperative morbidity and postoperative complications between the two groups Comparison between TVM group and TAM group showed that the difference of the operating time, postoperative infusion time, hospitalization time, postoperative eating, postoperative ambulation, the usage rate of postoperative analgesic, postoperative morbidity and postoperative complications between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). While the difference of intraoperative blood loss between the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The operating time in TVM group was shorter than TAM group; the postoperative eating, postoperative ambulation were earlier than the TAM group; the duration of postoperative transfusion and hospitalization in TVM were shorter than the TVM group; and the usage rate of postoperative analgesic and postoperative morbidity and complications in TVM group were less than the TAM group. TVM have the advantages of minimal invasion, quick recovery, less pain, shorter hospitalization duration and notable curative effect etc. Strengthening nursing care is the key to the success of treatment.

To study high-frequency ultrasound features and pathological characteristics of medullary thyroid carcinoma (medullary thyroid carcinoma, MTC) with the purpose to improve the diagnostic accuracy of this disease. The clinical data of 20 cases of patients with MTC confirmed by the clinical surgery were retrospectively analyzed. And the high-frequency ultrasound features were analyzed and compared with the pathological characteristics. There were 16 cases with tumor invasion into one side of the thyroid gland; 17 cases with tumor in the middle-upper pole of the thyroid gland. And 8 cases were detected with uneven echo of high frequency ultrasound appearance and pathological manifestations of cystic degeneration to necrosis seen under the light microscope or normal thyroid tissue within part of the lump. 16 cases were tested with even echo of high frequency ultrasound appearance, and tumor cells were formed in the solid and block-like shape under the light microscope. And 18 cases were manifested with low echo, with proliferation of fibrous tissue within the intercellular substance under the light microscope. 18 cases could be seen the calcification points and often amyloid-like content deposited in the intercellular substance seen under the light microscope. In addition, the pathological manifestations of the 8 cases combined with lymph node metastasis were the "lash tumor" of the metastatic lymph nodes and primary tumor. MTC was commonly located in the middle-upper region of the thyroid gland and in one leaf of the thyroid gland, combined with lymph node metastasis. The high frequency ultrasound appearance was the even low-echo tumor in round or quasi-circular shape, with obscure boundary and often combined with rough calcification. High frequency ultrasound could be used as the prior physical diagnostic method for medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Background Head and neck is one of the most prevalent site for cancers along with lungs, cervix, breast and stomach. Hospital based cancer registries required for effective evaluation of diagnosis and management of cancer is inadequate in Nepal. Cancer registry system established by WHO is acquired by seven major hospitals in our country. However, data from tertiary health care centres like ours remain undocumented. Objective The objective of this study is to perform retrospective analysis of clinicohistopathological types of head and neck lesions which were eventually diagnosed as cancer in Dhulikel Hospital, a tertiary health care centre of Central East Nepal. Method Data regarding head and neck lesions diagnosed as cancer (January 2001- December 2014) were extracted from the archives of Department of General Pathology. These cases were categorised according to demographic profile, site of cancer and histological diagnosis. Result A total of 240 cases matched the inclusion criteria and were selected for this study. Male: Female ratio of 1.3:1 with a mean age of 52 years (52.82±1.8) was found. Two hundred and two (84.16%) patients were diagnosed with carcinoma, 31 (15%) with lymphoma, 3 (1.25%) with melanoma, 2(0.83%) with small round cell tumor and 2 (0.83%) with sarcoma. The most common histological types of carcinoma seen were Squamous cell carcinoma (138 cases; 57.5%) followed by papillary carcinoma (26 cases; 10.8%). Among the lymphomas Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (21 cases; 8.75%) was the most predominant type. The most common site of presentation was oral cavity (60 cases; 25%) followed by skin (36 cases; 15%), thyroid (32 cases; 13.33%) and oesophagus (27 cases; 11.25%). Metastasis to cervical lymph node was found in 39 cases (16.25%). Conclusion Based on these finding, it was observed that Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type followed by different epithelial and mesenchymal malignancies in head and neck region. The results revealed by this study will provide useful information for planning the health care policies about cancer in Nepal and will be more effective and helpful to the patients of remote areas.

Background Ovarian cancer accounts for 6% of all cancers in females. Among cancers of female genital tract, the incidence of ovarian cancers ranks below only carcinoma of the cervix and the endometrium. Objective To find the frequency of different types of histomorphological types and their association with age, side and size distribution. Method This study is a hospital based retrospective study carried out in the Department of Pathology, Manipal Teaching Hospital over a time period from Jan. 2006 to Sep. 2015. Specimens were received from the Manipal Teaching Hospital and other hospitals within the Himalayan valley of Pokhara. All the clinical and histolpathological data were retrieved from the departmental data bank and were analyzed. Result A total of 409 cases of ovarian tumors have been reported in the same period. Among them, 215 cases were of surface epithelial origin including 172 benign, 07 borderline and 36 malignant cases. Among the surface epithelial tumors, the commonest was serous cystadenoma (119 cases) followed by mucinous cyst adenoma (40 cases). There were 176 cases of tumors with germ cell origin which included 170 cases of teratoma, four dysgerminoma and one each case of choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor. Among seven metastatic tumors, one case was of Krukenberg tumor. Age range was 12 to 90 years and the size range from 3 to 36 cm. Conclusion In our study, we analyzed all the spectrum of ovarian tumors diagnosed on morphological bases and most of the findings were similar to other national and international studies. However, we have reported increased percentage of mucinous tumors and less sex cord stromal tumors.

Lactoferrin (LF) is a mammalian host defense glycoprotein with diverse biological activities. Peptides derived from the cationic region of LF possess cytotoxic activity against cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Bovine lactoferricin (LFcinB), a peptide derived from bovine LF (bLF), exhibits broad-spectrum anticancer activity, while a similar peptide derived from human LF (hLF) is not as active. In this work, several peptides derived from the N-terminal regions of bLF and hLF were studied for their anticancer activities against leukemia and breast-cancer cells, as well as normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The cyclized LFcinB-CLICK peptide, which possesses a stable triazole linkage, showed improved anticancer activity, while short peptides hLF11 and bLF10 were not cytotoxic to cancer cells. Interestingly, hLF11 can act as a cell-penetrating peptide; when combined with the antimicrobial core sequence of LFcinB (RRWQWR) through either a Pro or Gly-Gly linker, toxicity to Jurkat cells increased. Together, our work extends the library of LF-derived peptides tested for anticancer activity, and identified new chimeric peptides with high cytotoxicity towards cancerous cells. Additionally, these results support the notion that short cell-penetrating peptides and antimicrobial peptides can be combined to create new adducts with increased potency.

Growing evidence from studies has shown that microRNA-196a (miR-196a) is correlated with treatment response and prognosis in Asian cancer patients. However, the studies reveal that the role of miR-196a is not totally consistent, making it rational to perform a meta-analysis to assess the prognostic value of miR-196a in cancers.

The platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is a readily available cancer biomarker but its prognostic value for patients with resected primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is uncertain. Thus, we investigated the relationship between PLR and survival of patients with resected primary HCC in the Fujian area, a high occurrence area of HCC in China.

microRNAs are widely involved in a variety of life processes and considered as potential biomarkers of tumor prognosis. A growing number of studies have documented that miRNAs were associated with outcome in NSCLC patients and can act as a prognostic marker. However, existing studies concerning the relationship between miRNAs and outcome in NSCLC patients were contentious and dispersive. Therefore, a systematic metaanalysis to explore the prognostic value of miRNAs on NSCLC patients is urgently needed.

This study was performed to evaluate the surface plasmon resonance-based (SPR) test with the W2600 System of GP Medical Technologies as a screening method for human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping in China.

Serum amyloid P-component (SAP) contributes to the clearance of apoptotic cells. As one of the main acute-phase reactants, SAP regulates key aspects of inflammation and sets a threshold for immune cell activation. This study aimed to investigate the association of SAP levels with symptomatic lung toxicities after thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) and overall survival (OS) in non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.

Many studies demonstrated that the expression level of HOTTIP in cancerous tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues. Increased expression of HOTTIP was associated with metastasis and a poor prognosis.

The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2072408 is located in an intron of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) gene. Its role in gastric cancer (GC) has not been determined.