Thyroid cancer derived from follicular cells (TCDFC) comprises well-differentiated (papillary and follicular) carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, and anaplastic carcinoma. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine cancer, and its incidence is steadily increasing. Lethality and aggressiveness of TCDFC is inversely correlated with differentiation degree. In this review, an emphasis has been put on molecular markers involved in tumorigenesis of thyroid carcinoma with a focus on aggressive histotypes and the role of such biomarkers in predicting thyroid cancer outcome. Genetic rearrangements in TCDFC (RET/PTC, PAX8/PPARG) and mutations in RAS, BRAF, TERT promoter (TERTp), TP53, PIK3CA, and AKT1 are discussed. The majority of the studies to date indicate that TERTp mutations can serve as a marker of more aggressive disease in all the subtypes of thyroid carcinoma, being the best current marker of poor prognosis, due to its independent association with distant metastases and increased disease-specific mortality. Some studies suggested that a more accurate prediction of thyroid cancer outcome may be possible through a more extensive genetic analysis. The same is true concerning the identification of other mutations that are only relatively frequent in advanced tumors (e.g., TP53, PIK3CA, or AKT1). A better understanding of the prognostic role of TERTp mutation (together with additional ones like BRAF, RAS, PIK3CA, AKT1, or TP53) and the clarification of their putative role in fine-needle aspiration biopsies are likely to allow, in the future, an early refinement of the stratification risk in patients with well-differentiated carcinomas. It is worth noting that, as with any categorical staging system, the risk evaluation within each category (low, intermediate, and high) varies depending on the specific clinicopathologic features of individual patients and the specific biological behavior of the tumor. Finally, besides the diagnostic and/or prognostic significance of the above-mentioned mutations, it is crucial to understand that the molecular pathways and epigenetic alterations will likely turn into interesting targets for new therapies.

Pheochromocytomas (PCC) and sympathetic paragangliomas (PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors, which derive from chromaffin cells occurring in the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglia. PCC and PGL are often benign, catecholamine-producing tumors, responsible for a myriad of symptoms that may be potentially hazardous to the patient. In contrast, nonsecreting parasympathetic PGL, derived from chief cells, develop mainly in the head and neck region. Although PCC/PGL are more commonly sporadic tumors, germline mutations are present in up to 40% of the patients, ranking these tumors among those with the highest degree of heritability. PCC/PGL are associated with a variety of hereditary syndromes, comprising genetic alterations in RET, NF1, VHL, and SDHx genes, the last 2 being involved in regulating the hypoxia pathway. Additional hypoxia pathway-related genes have been recently associated with PCC/PGL development, namely EGLN1 and EPAS1. Thus, dysregulation of the hypoxia pathway seems to play a major role in PCC/PGL development, in particular through the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors and the appearance of a pseudohypoxia signature. This article is focused on reviewing the tumorigenic mechanisms resultant from VHL, SDHx, EGLN1, and EPAS1 mutations, as well as the associated tumors, namely PCC/PGL, and extra manifestations such as polycythemia. In the light of the recent discoveries, hypoxia pathway molecules appear as key players in PCC/PGL development.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy and toxicity of gefitinib single drug in treatment of advanced esophageal cancer.

The aim of this study was to assess Ezrin expression in the primary hepatic carcinoma patients and associated with clinical, pathological characteristics.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the MutL homolog 1 (MLH1) protein expression in thyroid cancer patients and its association with clinical pathological characteristics.

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the predictive value of cervical lymph node metastasis through sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with oral cancer.

The purpose was to explore the clinical effects and safety of gemcitabine plus nedaplatin in the treatment of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

To assess the clinical significance of leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (LRIG1) and fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (Fascin-1) expression in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

The purpose of this study was to assess the survival benefits of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with systemic chemotherapy as the first-line treatment for metachronous unresectable colorectal carcinoma with liver metastases (CLMs) and to identify prognostic determinants.

The objective of our study was to determine the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME) for mid-low rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT).

The objective of this study is to assess the gene mutation of advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with bone metastasis using next-generation sequencing (NGS), and screen for the driver genes which are associated with bone metastasis of lung cancer.

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) leades a devastating consequence in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Treatment is very limited for patients with LM. We introduced to use nimotuzumab (also known as h-R3) combined with methotrexate for treating LM in NSCLC patients.

Minimally invasive interventional therapy is now the more effective treatment strategy for organ-confined malignancy in patients who are poor candidates for surgery. Microwave ablation (MWA) in lung malignancy has been receiving much attention as an effective minimally invasive approach.

To analyze the changes of CD4+ T-cell subsets following radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in lung cancer and the impact of RFA on the antitumor immunity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heat sink on the recurrence of hepatic malignant tumors <3 cm after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness on argon-helium cryoablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its influence factor.

This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for multiple breast fibroadenoma as an alternative to surgical resection.

Lung cancer continues to be a major health problem and the most common cancer-related mortality worldwide with about 80%-85% patients suffering from nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). More than 80% of NSCLC cases are often diagnosed as advanced stage and harbor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutation. Although great success in initial response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are found in EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients, acquired resistance usually occurs on the continuous treatment. Here, we provide an overview on the mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC therapy as well as current preclinical and clinical evidence of new therapy strategies and inhibitors in the treatment of NSCLC. Many studies have shown that original or induced T790M mutation, human EGFR 2 amplification, and activated secondary signaling such as MET amplification or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mutation can lead to acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. In addition, transformation from NSCLC to SCLC or conferred epithelial to mesenchymal transition has also been identified as mechanisms of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Increasing evidence has proven that non-coding RNA including long noncoding RNAs and microRNAs or new EGFR mutation is involved in acquired resistance. Preclinical and clinical Phase 1-3 evidence on combination drug therapy or new generation inhibitors with different tumor-targeting approaches have made those strategies the promising options for EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC therapy. This review aims to get deep insight into providing a state-of-the-art overview of the recent advances in the mechanisms of acquired resistance and new strategies for targeted cancer therapy in EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC.

Clear cell renal carcinoma metastases to the thyroid gland are rare and only diagnosable after an immunohistochemistry analysis of the histological sample. The purpose of this article is to report a case of thyroid metastasis as the initial presentation of a clear cell renal carcinoma.