Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease with progressive airflow limitation. Despite therapeutic advances, current treatments poorly halt COPD progression. Disease stability (DS) is a proposed treatment goal, but its clinical significance remains uncertain.

Adjunctive corticosteroids improve outcomes in HIV-associated Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), but their role in non-HIV patients is uncertain. Prior evidence has largely been limited to binary treatment groups and has rarely accounted for daily or cumulative dose effects.

The etiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is complex and the risk is heterogeneous. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been reported to be associated with the prognosis of patients with PAH, but whether the use of GDF-15 as an additional prognostic biomarker can improve pre-existing PAH risk stratification remains unclear.

Management of spontaneous pneumothorax often involves intercostal chest drain (ICD) insertion. Determining when to remove the ICD is controversial, with significant variation in practice. Establishing optimal ICD management in pneumothorax could reduce morbidity and improve cost effectiveness.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare condition caused by thromboembolic occlusions of the pulmonary arteries and characterized by elevated pulmonary pressure, vascular remodelling, and right ventricular overload, which can be treated effectively with balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA). The study aimed to evaluate whether elevated pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP), associated with left ventricular dysfunction, influences the effectiveness and safety of BPA treatment.

Critical illness survivors face fragmented care transitions, leading to readmissions, emergency care use, and death. The Veterans Affairs Patient Aligned Care Team model emphasizes coordinated outpatient follow-up, yet many veterans now receive VA-purchased intensive care at community hospitals, potentially disrupting continuity.

Pulse oximetry-derived measures of autonomic vascular re-activity during sleep - quantified by pulse wave amplitude drop (PWAD) characteristics such as PWAD index - have recently been proposed as a biomarker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common neonatal lung parenchymal disease characterized by obstructive and restrictive lung abnormalities. Evaluation of neonatal BPD lung disease using MRI has been shown to be more sensitive to short-term outcomes than standard clinical measures. However, the longitudinal trajectory of parenchymal disease remains poorly characterized.

Patients with COPD are at high risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) developing. Existing clinical tools for risk stratification in these patients have underperformed in predicting the outcomes.

Adolescent and young adults (AYAs) diagnosed with cancer are at risk of experiencing pulmonary dysfunction years or even decades following completion of treatment.

Although spirometry is used to diagnose COPD, a new multidimensional diagnostic schema has been recently proposed to diagnose this disease. However, evidence in Chinese individuals and never smokers is limited.

Sarcoidosis is a complex systemic granulomatous disease with varying clinical manifestations, and immunosuppressive agents and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors have been used in severe and refractory cases. However, the comparison of the serious side effects of these treatments remains poorly understood.

Tension pneumothorax (TP) traditionally is defined pleural pressure (Ppl) exceeding atmospheric pressure, which reduces venous return and leads to hemodynamic collapse. However, Ppl has yet to be measured directly in TP because of technical limitations, nor has it been studied in predicting outcomes for pneumothorax.

Survivors of critical illness often experience new or worsening impairments in various domains of health after discharge, collectively referred to as post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). Although this condition is common, it remains unclear whether providers are communicating routinely about survivorship and PICS to patients and families and whether patients are remembering these conversations.

OSA is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. This study examined the impact of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy adherence on health care resource use (HCRU) in patients with CAD and newly diagnosed OSA.

In preterm infants receiving noninvasive ventilation, data about inspiratory effort (ΔPes) and transpulmonary driving pressure (ΔPL) are scarce. Electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) can estimate ΔPes and ΔPL when patient size precludes more accurate measurements. This estimation may reveal new insights into respiratory pathophysiology and potential risk of self-inflicted lung injury in neonates receiving noninvasive support.

Gastroesophageal balloon tamponade (GEBT) tube placement is a life-saving measure used as a bridge to definitive therapy in patients with variceal hemorrhage refractory to medical and endoscopic therapy. As a high-acuity low-occurrence (HALO) procedure, proficiency may not be achieved through clinical experience alone.

A 29-year-old man with a medical history of chronic rhinosinusitis presented with a 6-month history of chronic nonproductive cough and mild exertional dyspnea. Five years ago, at the time of his chronic rhinosinusitis diagnosis, he underwent a chest radiograph that revealed an ill-defined opacity in the middle zone of the left lung, suspicious for neoplasm, and was subsequently lost to follow-up, until he presented now with cough and dyspnea. There was no history of hemoptysis, epigastric discomfort/burning sensation, dysphagia, or post-tussive vomiting associated with cough. Exertional dyspnea was graded as modified Medical Research Council grade 1, and it was not associated with any diurnal or postural variations (orthopnea/trepopnea), chest pain, palpitations, or pedal edema. There was no history of fever, malaise, weight loss, or audible wheeze. The patient had no significant medical history of asthma, COPD, nasal obstruction, urticaria, or other chronic respiratory conditions. He did not smoke and reported no significant occupational or environmental exposures to allergens. There was no history of TB contact or recurrent respiratory infections. Additionally, there was no family history of similar respiratory findings or conditions. During the intervening years, the patient remained asymptomatic until his presentation with the new concerns.

A 20-year-old previously healthy man presented to our hospital with a 2-week history of dull aching pain localized to the anterior chest wall, specifically in the sternum region. The pain was non-radiating and was exacerbated by physical activity or deep inspiration. There was no associated swelling, redness, or deformity of the chest wall. There were no associated systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss, night sweats, and fatigue. Additionally, there was no history of recent respiratory infections, coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, hemoptysis, palpitations, edema, or orthopnea to suggest pulmonary or cardiac involvement. The patient was of Indian ethnicity and has been living in India since birth. However, he had no known exposure to individuals with active pulmonary TB. The patient reported no history of trauma, repetitive physical strain, or prior surgical interventions, such as sternotomy or chest wall procedures. His medical history was unremarkable, with no prior hospitalizations or chronic illnesses. There was no personal or family history of autoimmune disorders, such as ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or psoriatic arthritis, and he specifically denied symptoms such as morning stiffness, joint swelling, or peripheral joint pain that might suggest an inflammatory or autoimmune disorder. The absence of gastrointestinal or urogenital symptoms further reduced the likelihood of reactive arthritis or other systemic conditions. Relevant negatives also included no history of smoking, immunosuppressive therapy, or conditions such as diabetes or HIV that could increase susceptibility to infections.

We present the case of a 69-year-old woman with a 25-year history of psychosis, managed with risperidone, who developed refractory tachypnea and alkalosis over 2 weeks. Despite multidisciplinary evaluation, she was initially misdiagnosed with psychogenic hyperventilation. Ultimately, a diagnosis of respiratory dyskinesia (RD) was established, and substantial clinical improvement was achieved after initiation of a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor. The substantial effectiveness of this therapy was confirmed over a 7-month follow-up period, with monitoring of both clinical symptoms and arterial blood gas parameters. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges posed by RD and underscores the potential utility of VMAT2 inhibitor as a novel therapeutic option.