Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Rebleeding rates following endoscopic treatment can reach up to 25% within 72 hours in patients with high-risk lesions.

RAS mutations are frequently observed in human cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), while they are relatively rare in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The role of RAS-dependent signalling pathways in CCA development is currently not well understood.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant global cancer burden, with rising incidence and lacking a unified prevention strategy due to complex aetiologies. Viral exposures may shape host immunity via specific reactive viral antigens that could induce immune responses against hepatocarcinogenesis.

Obesity-related cognitive decline is linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis, with emerging evidence suggesting that dietary interventions may ameliorate cognitive impairment via gut-brain axis modulation. The role of microglial cells in this process remains underexplored.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain at increased risk for colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer compared with the general population despite improvements in inflammation control with advanced therapies, colonoscopic surveillance and reductions in environmental risk factors. This guideline update from 2010 for colorectal surveillance of patients over 16 years with colonic inflammatory bowel disease was developed by stakeholders representing UK physicians, endoscopists, surgeons, specialist nurses and patients with GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodological support.An a priori protocol was published describing the approach to three levels of statement: GRADE recommendations, good practice statements or expert opinion statements. A systematic review of 7599 publications, with appraisal and GRADE analysis of trials and network meta-analysis, where appropriate, was performed. Risk thresholding guided GRADE judgements.We made 73 statements for the delivery of an IBD colorectal surveillance service, including outcome standards for service and endoscopist audit, and the importance of shared decision-making with patients.Core areas include: risk of colorectal cancer, IBD-related post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer; service organisation and supporting patient concordance; starting and stopping surveillance, who should or should not receive surveillance; risk stratification, including web-based multivariate risk calculation of surveillance intervals; colonoscopic modalities, bowel preparation, biomarkers and artificial intelligence aided detection; chemoprevention; the role of non-conventional dysplasia, serrated lesions and non-targeted biopsies; management of dysplasia, both endoscopic and surgical, and the structure and role of the multidisciplinary team in IBD dysplasia management; training in IBD colonoscopic surveillance, sustainability (green endoscopy), cost-effectiveness and patient experience. Sixteen research priorities are suggested.

Determining optimal management of colorectal polyps in patients with limited life expectancy of under 10 years can be difficult, due to challenges balancing an uncertain natural history of polyp progression to symptomatic malignancy versus the increased risk and consequences of polypectomy complications.

Systemic therapy represents the standard of care treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Given the increased risk of death from cirrhosis-related complications in patients with advanced liver dysfunction, pivotal phase III trials traditionally limited inclusion to patients with Child-Pugh class A, where death is more likely to be attributed to HCC progression. Therefore, Western guidelines recommend the use of systemic therapies primarily in patients with preserved liver function. However, patients with HCC and Child-Pugh class B are commonly encountered in clinical practice, but due to limited prospective evidence, there is no clear guidance on their optimal management.In this recent advances article, we discuss how the clinical course of cirrhosis can affect eligibility to treatment in the modern era of systemic therapy for HCC, elaborate on strategies to improve liver function in HCC patients by targeting cirrhosis-related and tumour-related factors and summarise the current literature on systemic therapy in HCC patients with Child-Pugh class B. Based on this information, we finally propose a clinical algorithm on how to systematically approach patients with HCC and advanced liver dysfunction in clinical practice.

There is no effective drug treatment for the organ failure (OF) caused by severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a transformative therapy for Clostridioides difficile infections and shows promise for various GI and systemic diseases. However, the poor patient acceptability and accessibility of 'conventional' FMT, typically administered via colonoscopies or enemas, hinders its widespread clinical adoption, particularly for chronic conditions. Oral administration of FMT (OralFMT) overcomes these limitations, yet faces distinct challenges, including a significant capsule burden, palatability concerns and poor microbial viability during gastric transit. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of emerging strategies that aim to advance OralFMT by: (1) refining processing technologies (eg, lyophilisation) that enable manufacturing of low-volume FMT formulations for reducing capsule burden and (2) developing delivery technologies that improve organoleptic acceptability and safeguard the microbiota for targeted colonic release. These advancements present opportunities for OralFMT to expand its therapeutic scope, beyond C. difficile infections, towards chronic GI conditions requiring frequent dosing regimens. While this review primarily focuses on optimising OralFMT delivery, it is important to contextualise these advancements within the broader shift towards defined microbial consortia. Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) offer an alternative approach, yet the interplay between OralFMT and LBPs in clinical practice remains unresolved. We postulate that continued innovation in OralFMT and LBPs via a multidisciplinary approach can further increase therapeutic efficacy and scalability by enabling disease site targeting, co-delivery of therapeutic compounds and overcoming colonisation resistance. Realising these goals positions OralFMT as a cornerstone of personalised care across a range of diseases rooted in microbiome health.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterised by dysbiosis and a leaky gut. The NADPH oxidase dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) is upregulated in patients with IBD, yet its role in driving the disease remains unclear.

IBD is a chronic inflammatory condition driven by complex genetic and immune interactions, yet preclinical models often fail to fully recapitulate all aspects of the human disease. A systematic comparison of commonly used IBD models is essential to identify conserved molecular mechanisms and improve translational relevance.