Impaired lung function is associated with a higher risk of developing lung cancer. However, lung function is a dynamic variable and must be evaluated longitudinally. This study reports on the relationship between accelerated lung function decline and development of lung cancer.

Targeted temperature management (TTM) currently is the only treatment with demonstrated efficacy in attenuating the harmful effects on the brain of ischemia-reperfusion injury after cardiac arrest. However, whether TTM is beneficial in the subset of patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) remains unclear.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought renewed attention to past narratives of disease outbreaks. What do the Black Death and COVID-19 have in common? How we tell outbreak stories is shaped by political, cultural, social, and historical contexts. It is deeply rhetorical. The general public relies on experts (scientists, historians, and government officials) to provide credible information, but uncertainties during an outbreak can make it difficult to provide definitive answers quickly. Experts need to be conscious about the contexts in which their statements would be received. Regarding the Black Death, historians of medicine have relied heavily on a single medieval account of the outbreak, which confirmed their preconceptions about Mongol violence, allowing them to present the Black Death as an instance of biological warfare. Looking at other medieval accounts, however, makes clear that this narrative of Mongol biological warfare is false. Similarly, modern outbreak narratives also tend to use militarized language, which results in othering peoples and cultures where a disease might have originated. Given the contemporary political tensions between China and the United States, narratives about the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its transmission have led to a transnational infodemic of misinformation as well as discrimination and violence against people of Asian descent. In light of this long-running pattern, we argue for more interdisciplinary collaborations between the experts whose work is used to build outbreak narratives to adopt more critical rhetorical approaches in communicating with the public.

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy reduces the effort of breathing in patients with bronchiolitis, but the mechanisms are not understood. Theorized mechanisms include dead space washout and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) application.

American Heart Association quality metrics of resuscitation include time to epinephrine ≤ 5 min, time to defibrillation ≤ 2 min, and confirmation of airway device placement in trachea. This study examined trends in adherence to these quality metrics in the ICU and identified predictors of failure to adhere to these metrics.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) results in profound symptom burden and carries high mortality. Palliative care (PC) is dedicated to improving quality of life in patients with serious illness. Early PC provision improves rates of advance care planning and symptom management in patients with ILD.

The terms sex and gender often are used interchangeably, but have specific meaning when it comes to their effects on lung disease. Ample evidence is now available that sex and gender affect the incidence, susceptibility, presentation, diagnosis, and severity of many lung diseases. Some conditions are more prevalent in women, such as asthma. Other conditions are seen almost exclusively in women, like lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Some life stages-such as pregnancy-are unique to women and can affect the onset and course of lung disease. Clinical presentation may differ as well, such as higher number of exacerbations experienced by women with COPD and greater cardiovascular morbidity in women with sleep-disordered breathing. In addition, response to therapy and medication safety may also differ by sex, and yet, pharmacogenomic factors often are not addressed adequately in clinical trials. Various aspects of lung and sleep biology and pathobiology are impacted by female sex and female reproductive transitions. Differential gene expression or organ development can be impacted by these biological differences. Understanding these differences is the first step in moving toward precision medicine for women. This article is a state-of-the-art review of specific effects of sex and gender focused on epidemiology, disease presentation, risk factors, and management of lung diseases. Pathobiological mechanisms explaining sex differences in these diseases are beyond the scope of this article. We review the literature and focus on recent guidelines about using sex and gender in research. We also review sex and gender differences in lung diseases.

Swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE) occasionally occurs during swimming in cold open water. Although optimal treatment for SIPE is unknown, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is an option for prehospital treatment.

Patients with eosinophilic asthma often report poor symptomatic control and quality of life. Anti-IL-5 therapy, including anti-IL-5Rα (benralizumab), rapidly depletes eosinophils in the blood and airways and also reduces asthma exacerbations and improves quality of life scores. In patients with severe asthma, eosinophilic inflammation-driven airway mucus occlusions have been measured using thoracic x-ray CT imaging. Pulmonary 129Xe MRI ventilation defect percentage (VDP) also sensitively measures asthma airway dysfunction caused by airway hyperresponsiveness, remodeling, and luminal mucus occlusions. Using 129Xe MRI and CT imaging together, it is feasible to measure both airway luminal occlusions and airway ventilation in relationship to anti-IL-5 therapy to ascertain the direct impact of therapy-induced eosinophil depletion on airway function.

Previous studies showed that the lung clearance index (LCI) determined by multiple-breath washout (MBW) is sensitive to detecting early lung disease in preschool children with cystic fibrosis (CF). In preschool children with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), data on the onset and severity of lung disease and on the sensitivity of the LCI as a noninvasive quantitative outcome measure remain limited.

Twenty-five percent to 45% of COPD is caused by exposures other than active smoking. Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) has been suggested as an independent cause of COPD, based on its association with increased respiratory symptoms and a small decrease in lung function, but its impact on respiratory health and lung function after exposure cessation has not been explored.

Lack of family visitation in the ICU can have long-term consequences on patients in the ICU after discharge. The effect of family visitation on the incidence of patient psychiatric disorders is unknown.

In 2019, the United States experienced a nationwide outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). More than one-half of these patients required admission to an ICU.