Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is characterized by persistent organ failure and a high mortality rate, early diagnosis and disease assessment are crucial for improving patient prognosis.

Transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) enables histopathological diagnosis of liver disease and simultaneous assessment of the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG).

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Gastrectomy with lymph node dissection is the standard treatment for GC worldwide. Due to advancements in surgical techniques, the use of laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) has broadened. However, the incidence of post-operative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after LG is higher than that after open surgery, and the definition and measurement of POPF in gastrectomy have not yet been established. We introduced polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheet to prevent POPF after LG and retrospectively evaluated its effectiveness.

Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals carrying HLA-DQ2 and/or -DQ8 alleles. Its diagnosis traditionally combines serology and confirmatory duodenal biopsy. IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase is the first-line test, supported by endomysial antibody. Duodenal histology remains the gold standard, though limitations include patchy involvement and variability in interpretation. Recent advances have proposed biopsy-sparing approaches, whereas applicability in adults remains debated. Moreover, CD is increasingly recognized in association with autoimmune conditions, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease, underscoring the importance of proactive screening. However, distinguishing true CD from potential CD or false-positive serology requires careful clinical integration and, often, biopsy confirmation. Mass screening appears to demonstrate high yield and potential cost-effectiveness compared with case-finding. However, evidence is emerging and not yet definitive, and its implementation remains limited. For patients already on a gluten-free diet, gluten challenge protocols combined with HLA genotyping enhance diagnostic accuracy. Overall, while duodenal biopsy is still pivotal in most guidelines, evolving evidence supports a tailored, less invasive approach that integrates serology, genetics, histology, and novel diagnostics to improve early detection and management of CD.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignant diseases worldwide and displays significant heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of machine learning algorithms to incorporate preoperative laboratory tests for predicting the 5-year recurrence risk in patients with stage III colon cancer (CC) postsurgery.

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is reflux of gastric contents proximal to the upper esophageal sphincter and leading to a variety of symptoms including cough, dysphonia, globus, and sore throat. There is currently no diagnostic gold standard for LPR which often leads to over or under diagnosis and complicates therapeutic approach to this group of patients. This uncertainty has led to a high economic burden of the disease. The goal of this review was to present current recommendations in the diagnosis and treatment of LPR to aid in clinical decision making. There has been emerging research regarding the role of laryngeal hypersensitivity, mediated through neuronal hyperresponsiveness, autonomic dysfunction and symptom hypervigilance. Diagnosis remains a challenge, but novel biomarkers show promise. Therapeutics involve the consideration of acid suppression with an increasing emphasis on neuromodulators and external compression devices. There remains a great need for further research on both diagnostic and therapeutics to develop a gold standard for this disease.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex and multifactorial condition that represents a major global health challenge. It is characterized by a cluster of interrelated metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, all of which substantially increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and other related complications. Growing evidence underscores the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in regulating host metabolism, modulating immune responses, and influencing the chronic low-grade inflammatory state associated with MetS. Among emerging therapeutic approaches, synbiotics, defined as synergistic combinations of probiotics and prebiotics, have attracted considerable interest. Therefore, in the present narrative review, we aim to find out the feasibility and effectiveness of synbiotic supplements, as well as to evaluate their impact on people with MetS. By selectively stimulating the growth and activity of beneficial microbial taxa while directly introducing health-promoting strains, synbiotics may restore microbial balance, improve metabolic homeostasis, and attenuate inflammatory pathways. Future research should prioritize personalized nutrition strategies and microbiome-tailored interventions, taking into account individual variability in gut microbial composition and host metabolic responses. Such precision approaches could optimize synbiotic efficacy and safety, positioning them as a viable adjunctive treatment for MetS within an integrated lifestyle and pharmacological framework. Ultimately, large-scale, high-quality randomized controlled trials are essential to confirm current promising findings and to establish clear guidelines for clinical application.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is widespread globally and is linked to outcomes ranging from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer. However, only a minority of infected individuals progress to malignancy, influenced by a mix of bacterial, host, and environmental factors. Current predictive approaches are limited due to relying mainly on clinical and lifestyle data. Genomic approaches have been sparsely used, and thus their incorporation into machine learning models could ensure early and personalized detection. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of integrating host metadata with genomic features from H. pylori to predict gastric cancer outcomes and identify associated variables.

Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) is a severe chronic intestinal inflammatory disorder with onset in infancy. Mutations in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) receptor A (IL10RA) gene represent a key pathogenic mechanism of VEO-IBD; however, the genotype–phenotype correlations remain unclear.

Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) is a significant concern in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the relationship between residual cholesterol (RC) levels and CMM risk in adult NAFLD patients remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between RC levels and the risk of CMM in adult NAFLD patients using data from a large-scale, cross-sectional cohort.

Lactate clearance (LC) has emerged as a potential prognostic marker in critically ill patients. However, its role in predicting massive transfusion (MT) requirements in upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) patients remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of LC for MT requirements in patients with UGIB.