Reprogrammable Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA (ADAR) Sensors (RADARS) control RNA translation in mammalian cells, allowing for noninvasive sensing or perturbation of specific cell types based on transcriptional signatures. Upon base-pairing between a target RNA and a sensor RNA, RADARS leverages ADAR to edit a premature stop codon upstream of a gene of interest, thereby releasing translation of the desired cargo. These design principles enable sequence programmability, allowing RADARS to adapt more easily to new contexts than existing tools for targeting cell types. We describe a detailed protocol for performing experiments with RADARS, including designing, cloning and validating RADARS constructs targeting a transcript of interest. RADARS guide sequences can be designed with an intuitive web interface and cloned into existing constructs for downstream applications including imaging, sorting and sequencing. We outline recommendations for cargo choice, sensor design and ADAR system selection, enabling users to choose the best workflow depending on the desired application. Beginning with sensor design, the selection of top-performing RADARS guides can be completed in ~2 weeks, followed by a desired use case. Convenient engineering and application of RADARS for various applications enable the design and execution of various cell-targeting experiments.

Growing evidence implicates early metabolic dysfunctions in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as a contributor to both high- and normal-tension glaucoma, yet no approved therapy directly protects RGCs to preserve vision. We aimed at identifying a safe, druggable neuroprotective strategy that restores RGC metabolic homeostasis for glaucoma therapy.

Successful autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients relies on the efficient mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells following induction therapy. While the efficacy of etoposide for stem cell mobilization has been demonstrated in numerous studies, a randomized comparison of the efficacy of cyclophosphamide versus etoposide has previously been lacking. This randomized, open-label, multicenter trial enrolled NDMM patients eligible for ASCT. The inclusion criteria were patients with a diagnosis of NDMM who required stem cell mobilization prior to ASCT. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either high-dose etoposide (VP16; 1.2 g/m2) or high-dose cyclophosphamide (CTX; 3.0 g/m2) before mobilization. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was administered after chemotherapy to promote stem cell mobilization. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving CD34 + cell counts ≥ 2 × 10⁶/kg and ≥ 5 × 10⁶/kg. A total of 62 patients were enrolled, with 31 patients in each group. The VP16 group significantly outperformed the CTX group in CD34 + cell collection across all thresholds: ≥2 × 10⁶/kg (100% vs. 77%, p = 0.011), ≥ 5 × 10⁶/kg (90% vs. 55%, p = 0.002), and ≥ 8 × 10⁶/kg (71% vs. 32.3%, p = 0.023). The VP16 group also showed superior success rates in the first apheresis session and achieved higher CD34 + percentages in the collection. Additionally, the VP16 group required fewer apheresis sessions, fewer platelet transfusions, and experienced less nausea during the mobilization period. High-dose etoposide (1.2 g/m2) demonstrated superior efficacy and safety compared to high-dose cyclophosphamide (3.0 g/m2) for stem cell mobilization in NDMM patients. Based on these findings, etoposide may be considered a more effective and safer option for stem cell mobilization in clinical practice.The clinical trial was registered on 24/08/2022 (clinical trial identifier NCT05517213).

In this study, we demonstrate that cytoskeletal state at the onset of directed differentiation impacts the exit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) from pluripotency and downstream lineage specification. In particular, depolymerizing F-actin with latrunculin A (latA) during the first 24 h of definitive endoderm formation facilitates efficient loss of pluripotency and alters Activin/Nodal, BMP, c-Jun, and WNT signaling dynamics. These signaling changes influence downstream patterning of the gut tube, leading to improved pancreatic progenitor identity and decreased expression of markers associated with other endodermal lineages. Continued differentiation generates islets containing a higher percentage of β cells that exhibit improved maturation, insulin secretion, and ability to reverse hyperglycemia. Furthermore, this latA treatment reduces enterochromaffin cells in the final cell population and corrects differentiations from hPSC lines that otherwise fail to consistently produce pancreatic islets, highlighting the importance of cytoskeletal signaling at the onset of directed differentiation.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor marked by a poor prognosis and limited effectiveness of current therapies, which are often accompanied by substantial recurrence rates. To address this challenge, we developed BM03, an engineered mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) line specifically designed for glioblastoma therapy. BM03 is structured to enhance migration to GBM sites and deliver targeted, multimodal gene-based therapies.

Compared to the general population, individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 have a 50-fold higher risk of developing a high-grade glioma (HGG) in their lifetime. Despite improved understanding of the molecular and cellular drivers of these neoplasms, we have yet to translate this knowledge into therapies that improve overall survival. One limitation has been the paucity of in vivo models for drug testing within this population. We generated 3 distinct glioma stem cell lines from high-grade gliomas arising in mice with Nf1 and Trp53 mutations in cis (NPcis) and characterized the allografts resulting from one Nf1-glioma stem cell line (Nf1-HGG17) by single cell and single nuclear RNA-seq. Because our cell lines are grown in stem cell media, there is an inherent reduction of the differentiation states present in primary HGG, with only oligodendrocyte precursor-like and neural-like cells identified. However, orthotopic allografts of Nf1-HGG17 regained the other differentiation states typically observed in HGG and GBM (neuronal progenitor cell-like and astrocyte-like). About half of neoplastic cells cluster separately from these classical groups and highly express genes of the antigen presentation machinery, including Cd74, which we also observed in patient samples. Notably, heterozygosity of Nf1 within the tumor microenvironment does not cause marked changes in the immune tumor microenvironment, gene expression, or differentiation states of neoplastic cells. These data indicate that allografted HGG lines from NPcis mice are an effective model of NF1-HGG, mimicking the complexity observed in human HGG, that can be used for larger scale in vivo drug screening and evaluation.

Wound healing is complex, and hard-to-heal (chronic) wounds pose significant treatment challenges, especially in adults. Micrografts (MGs) are emerging as a promising treatment for wounds refractory to conventional approaches. MG involves transplanting a stem cell suspension to the wound to promote healing. Scientific studies on MG are increasing; however, a systematic review is needed for a comprehensive understanding of its efficacy.

The amygdala paralaminar nuclei (PL) contain immature excitatory neurons that develop on a delayed timeline from birth to adulthood and are more prominent in the amygdala of humans and other primates than in rodents. Whether this expansion is linked to brain complexity or is a feature of primates is unknown. We sought to identify the PL in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo), a small, gyrencephalic mammal that does not belong to the primate order. Here, we show that the amygdala of juvenile (P30-P67) and adult ferrets (>1 year) also contains a collection of immature excitatory neurons that express doublecortin (Dcx) and polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (Psa-Ncam). Similar to humans and mice, these immature neurons express Tbr1 and CoupTFII, but not FoxP2, which labels neighboring clusters of GABAergic cells in the intercalated nuclei. Ferret PL neurons extend into the ventral basolateral amygdala (BLA) and appear either in dense clusters surrounded by astroglia or as individual cells, and each subpopulation contains neurons with migratory morphology. This expansion of PL neurons into the amygdala is similar to what is seen in humans, but unlike in mice, where PL neurons are infrequent in the BLA. We compared these findings to the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a lissencephalic non-human primate, and the swine (Sus scrofa domesticus), a gyrencephalic mammal, and found immature neurons extending into the amygdala in both. Our study identifies the PL region of the ferret amygdala, which contains immature neurons with migratory features in juveniles and adults. Cross-species comparisons indicate that the expansion of PL neurons into the amygdala seen in primates with both high and low gyrencephalic indices has also occurred in species with gyrencephalic brains from different orders.

Chromosome karyotyping, particularly G-banding, is a fundamental diagnostic and prognostic tool for hematological malignancies, providing a genome-wide view of large-scale numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities. Its clinical utility is paramount for disease classification, risk stratification, and the evaluation of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) across diseases such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), multiple myeloma (MM), and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, clinical challenges including low resolution and culture failure necessitate complementary advanced techniques. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) targets specific aberrations in non-dividing cells, while array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays offer higher resolution for detecting cryptic copy number variations (CNVs) and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH). Furthermore, the modern diagnostic standard has evolved into a multi-omics approach that integrates morphology, flow cytometry, karyotyping, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). This comprehensive workflow significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy, refines risk stratification, and informs personalized therapeutic strategies. Clinically, karyotyping is essential for assessing cytogenetic remission, though it is less sensitive for minimal residual disease (MRD) detection than molecular methods. As emerging technologies such as optical genome mapping (OGM) demonstrate the potential to streamline these workflows, karyotyping continues to evolve, solidifying its indispensable role in the comprehensive management of hematologic cancers.

Using the well-studied two-stage model of skin carcinogenesis, the first transgenic mouse with targeted expression of a polyamine metabolic enzyme was generated 30 years ago. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key regulating enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, was constitutively expressed in the outer root sheath cells of hair follicles near the bulge stem cell niche using a keratin 6 promoter in K6/ODC mice. Early studies using K6/ODC mice demonstrated that polyamines play an essential role in the early promotional phase of skin tumorigenesis. Treatment with inhibitors of ODC activity blocked the formation of skin tumors and caused the rapid regression of existing tumors. We review how use of the K6/ODC mouse has shown that elevated polyamines in epithelial cells stimulate proliferation and invasiveness, recruit stem cells, alter chromatin remodeling and cell signaling leading to metabolic reprogramming, increase vascularization, activate underlying fibroblasts, and have powerful effects on immune cell function, all contributing to the development and progression of tumors.

Post-transcriptional regulation is pivotal for cellular differentiation, yet how translationally silent mRNAs are selectively reactivated remains elusive. Here, we identify the MEX3D-HIP1 (MX-H) pathway and its associated organelle, the MEX3D-associated lysosomal vesicle (MXLV), as a shared system governing mRNA activation during spermiogenesis. Our data support a model in which MEX3D acts as an RNA-associated E3 ligase that selectively promotes ubiquitination of RBPs within RBP-mRNA complexes. This ubiquitination signal recruits HIP1, triggering the formation of MXLV, an autophagic vesicle that degrades translationally silent mRNP complexes. Genetic ablation of MX-H components in male germ cells disrupts spermiogenesis, leading to the accumulation of mRNP aggregates and male infertility. Intriguingly, we discovered that this germline-restricted pathway is aberrantly activated in gastric cancer cells, where MXLV biogenesis promotes tumor progression. The strict restriction of MXLV to male germ cells under physiological conditions may provide a unique therapeutic window, suggesting that targeting this pathway could suppress tumor progression while minimizing adverse effects on normal physiological functions. Our work establishes MXLV as a specialized vesicular structure essential for cellular remodeling during development and reveals how a germline-specific membrane trafficking system is co-opted in pathological proteome remodeling in gastric cancer.

How tumors manipulate neural circuits to evade immunity is unclear. In a recent study, Wei et al. reveal, in lung adenocarcinoma, a vagal sensory-brain stem sympathetic circuit that suppresses macrophages and CD8+ T cells via β2-adrenergic signaling. Disrupting this axis restores antitumor immunity, nominating β-blockers and neural modulation as promising therapies.

The molecular mechanisms linking immune cell signaling to osteoclastogenesis remain incompletely defined. Here, we identify an Annexin A1 (AnxA1)-Dectin-1 axis as a key driver of osteoclast differentiation. Dectin-1 (CLEC7A), a myeloid C-type lectin receptor best known for β-glucan recognition, is shown to bind the endogenous ligand AnxA1 on pre-osteoclasts, thereby promoting their maturation. In Dectin-1 deficient mice, reduced osteoclast numbers resulted in increased bone volume, whereas β-glucan-induced Dectin-1 activation enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Within the bone marrow niche, AnxA1 was abundantly expressed on B220+ B cells, and γ-irradiation markedly increased its surface translocation both in vitro and in vivo. γ-irradiated B220+ B cells exhibited strong Dectin-1 binding capacity and robustly stimulated osteoclast differentiation in a Dectin-1-dependent manner. These findings establish the AnxA1-Dectin-1 interaction as a critical immune-skeletal communication pathway, revealing a mechanism by which radiation exposed immune cells can accelerate bone resorption. Targeting this axis offers a potential strategy to mitigate radiation-induced bone degradation and preserve skeletal homeostasis.

Several protocols for generating oligodendrocytes (OLs) from human pluripotent stem cells have been reported. However, they are limited by long culture duration, intensive handling, and low yield of mature OLs. Transcription factor-based strategies have improved efficiency, but OLIG2 and SOX10, key regulators of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), also promote alternative neural fates. Here, we developed a Tet-inducible system to control SOX10 and OLIG2 expression, including that of a phosphorylation-deficient OLIG2 mutant (S147A). Co-expression of SOX10 and OLIG2 enhanced OPC induction, confirmed by O4 positivity and transcriptomic profiling. Interestingly, only a brief induction of SOX10 + OLIG2(S147A) (2-5 days) efficiently yielded myelin basic protein positive OLs within 25 days, reaching approximately 20% of total cells. In contrast, sustained doxycycline-mediated expression of SOX10 and OLIG2(S147A) favored OPC proliferation and delayed OL maturation. These findings highlight the importance of temporal control of transcription factor activity in accelerating OL differentiation and provide a practical platform for disease modeling and regenerative applications.

Failure of remyelination is a major determinant of progressive neurological decline in demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system. Although endogenous repair mechanisms are activated following injury, the generation of fully functional myelinating oligodendrocytes is frequently insufficient to restore long-term tissue integrity. In addition to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in adult neurogenic niches represent a potential endogenous source of oligodendroglial regeneration. However, promoting effective remyelination from NSCs requires more than stimulating lineage commitment, as progenitor fate and maturation are tightly regulated by lesion-specific microenvironmental cues. Over the past decades, a wide range of experimental models-including reductionist in vitro systems, organoid platforms, toxin-induced or immune-mediated demyelination in vivo models-have provided important mechanistic insights into NSCs activation and oligodendroglial differentiation. Yet, no single model fully captures the complexity of chronic human pathology, highlighting significant translational limitations. Moreover, inflammatory signaling, glial reactivity, and extracellular matrix remodeling critically influence whether enhanced oligodendrogenesis results in effective remyelination. In this review, we analyze current experimental frameworks used to investigate NSCs-driven oligodendrogenesis and discuss how microenvironmental regulation shapes regenerative outcomes. We further examine emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating endogenous NSCs and their niche, including pharmacological approaches, cell-based interventions, and nanotechnology-based platforms. By integrating experimental and translational perspectives, we propose that successful remyelination requires coordinated modulation of both progenitor competence and lesion microenvironment.

Regenerative medicine for stroke patients has been attracting attention. However, the effects of rehabilitation after the cell transplantation have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether intensive gait-focused rehabilitation using a robotic orthosis after regenerative medicine improved gait function and induced plastic changes in cortical networks. The present study was conducted in a retrospective cohort study. We selected seven chronic stroke patients, those who had undergone adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) transplantation therapy after the onset of stroke and had been receiving adequate subsequent gait rehabilitation with a robot for more than 2 months. During hospitalization, each patient received at least 2 h of rehabilitation, including robotic-assisted gait training more than five times per week. As the assessments, gait performance and M1 seed-based resting state-functional connectivity (rs-FC) obtained by a magnetoencephalography were compared before and after hospitalization. After rehabilitation, cadence and spatial gait symmetry ratio were significantly improved, and a significant negative correlation was found between the changes in the gait symmetry ratio and the time from transplant to rehabilitation. Seed-based rs-FC in the beta band between the lesioned M1 and multiple brain regions (e.g., both frontal areas, ipsilateral postcentral gyrus) was significantly decreased after the rehabilitation. Significant negative correlations were also observed between the changes in the gait symmetry ratio and the changes in lesioned M1 seed-based rs-FC in the paracentral gyrus and regions associated with the default mode network. It was revealed that intensive gait-focused rehabilitation using a robotic orthosis improved gait function and induced plastic changes in the cortical networks. The improvements were significantly correlated with the timing of the start of rehabilitation after MSC transplantation.

The development of multicellular organisms relies on controlled cell divisions and differentiation that generate specific cell types of functional tissues and organs. Control of the cell cycle and its checkpoints are tightly intertwined with the maintenance of stem cells, cell fate acquisition and cellular reprogramming. This Review focuses on cell cycle-mediated control of plant development and regeneration, where cell division and differentiation occur in the absence of cell migration. We examine two systems - the root apical meristem and leaf epidermis (stomata) - and explore how master-regulatory transcription factors directly impact the cell cycle to achieve differentiation of specific cell types, as well as how epigenetic machineries guide or constrain such processes. We further emphasize the importance of G1 cell cycle phase duration and G2/M checkpoints for stem cell differentiation and regeneration. By synthesizing recent discoveries, we aim to highlight cell cycle regulation that underpins both robustness and plasticity of plant development and regeneration. Such knowledge will ultimately enhance our understanding of the commonalities and uniqueness of cell cycle regulation between plants and metazoans.

Not available.

Single-cell passaging of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has historically been discredited, as it may risk mutations. Here, however, in combination with Rho kinase inhibition and based on stringent quality control, we successfully validate a corresponding iPSC banking process under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions. The underlying culture system features enhanced consistency, sustains genomic integrity in the resulting cell lines, and enables excellent priming for gene editing and directed differentiation. The process, as well as the resulting GMP iPSC lines, will provide a robust foundation for clinical manufacturing.