Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition that occurs when reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus causes symptoms and/or complications. The prevalence of GERD in Western societies has been estimated at 30%, making it one of the most commonly encountered disorders in primary care. The spectrum of GERD includes typical symptoms of esophageal reflux (heartburn and/or regurgitation); esophageal injury (erosive esophagitis; stricture; Barrett esophagus; and, rarely, adenocarcinoma); and extraesophageal symptoms, such as hoarseness and chronic cough. Proper diagnosis and treatment of GERD includes symptom control, exclusion of other disorders, avoiding overuse of medications and invasive testing, and minimizing complications.

There are currently no validated clinical biomarkers of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC).

Evidence-based practice in community-acquired pneumonia often assumes an accurate initial diagnosis.

Gohil SK, Septimus E, Kleinman K, et al. Stewardship prompts to improve antibiotic selection for urinary tract infection: the INSPIRE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2024;331:2018-2028. 38639723.

Fazekas T, Shim SR, Basile G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2024;10:745-754. 38576242.

Kalverda KA, Ninaber MK, Wijmans L, et al. Transbronchial cryobiopsy followed by as-needed surgical lung biopsy versus immediate surgical lung biopsy for diagnosing interstitial lung disease (the COLD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2024;12:513-522. 38640934.

Pradilla G, Ratcliff JJ, Hall AJ, et al; ENRICH trial investigators. Trial of early minimally invasive removal of intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:1277-1289. 38598795.

Cancer has substantial health, quality-of-life, and economic impacts. Screening may decrease cancer mortality and treatment costs, but the cost of screening in the United States is unknown.

Gohil SK, Septimus E, Kleinman K, et al. Stewardship prompts to improve antibiotic selection for pneumonia: the INSPIRE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2024;331:2007-2017. 38639729.

Ge Z, Kan J, Gao X, et al; ULTIMATE-DAPT investigators. Ticagrelor alone versus ticagrelor plus aspirin from month 1 to month 12 after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ULTIMATE-DAPT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Lancet. 2024;403:1866-1878. 38599220.

Park DY, Hu JR, Jamil Y, et al. Shorter dual antiplatelet therapy for older adults after percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e244000. 38546647.

Racial and ethnic disparities in incidence and mortality are well documented for many types of cancer. As a result, there is understandable policy and clinical interest in race- and ethnicity-based clinical screening guidelines to address cancer health disparities. Despite the theoretical benefits, such proposals do not typically address associated ethical considerations. Using the examples of gastric cancer and esophageal adenocarcinoma, which have demonstrated disparities according to race and ethnicity, this article examines relevant ethical arguments in considering screening based on race and ethnicity. Race- and ethnicity-based clinical preventive care services have the potential to improve the balance of harms and benefits of screening. As a result, programs focused on high-risk racial or ethnic groups could offer a practical alternative to screening the general population, in which the screening yield may be too low to demonstrate sufficient effectiveness. However, designing screening according to socially based categorizations such as race or ethnicity is controversial and has the potential for intersectional stigma related to social identity or other structurally mediated environmental factors. Other ethical considerations include miscategorization, unintended negative effects on health disparities, disregard for underlying risk factors, and the psychological costs of being assigned higher risk. Given the ethical considerations, the practical application of race and ethnicity in cancer screening is most relevant in multicultural countries if and only if alternative proxies are not available. Even in those instances, policymakers and clinicians should carefully address the ethical considerations within the historical and cultural context of the intended population. Further research on alternative proxies, such as social determinants of health and culturally based characteristics, could provide more adequate factors for risk stratification.

Koren MJ, Rodriguez F, East C, et al. An "inclisiran first" strategy vs usual care in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83:1939-1952. 38593947.

Timely follow-up after cardiovascular hospitalization is recommended to monitor recovery, titrate medications, and coordinate care.

Ahlqvist VH, Sjöqvist H, Dalman C, et al. Acetaminophen use during pregnancy and children's risk of autism, ADHD, and intellectual disability. JAMA. 2024;331:1205-1214. 38592388.

Yndigegn T, Lindahl B, Mars K, et al; REDUCE-AMI Investigators. Beta-blockers after myocardial infarction and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:1372-1381. 38587241.