Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are the most prevalent ventricular arrhythmia in adults. High PVC burden can lead to left ventricular systolic dysfunction, eccentric hypertrophy, and an increased risk of heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Inadequate angiogenesis is a key determinant in the transition from adaptive to maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis is a risk factor for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. We quantitatively assessed structural remodeling and transcriptional alterations in PVC-induced cardiomyopathy (PVC-CM).

Many patients with severe aortic stenosis present with concomitant multivalvular heart disease. The management of this condition remains challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates clinical, hemodynamic, and multimodality imaging data to define the most effective and durable treatment strategy. Although randomized evidence to guide treatment decisions in this setting is limited, percutaneous interventions to address additional valvular lesions are being increasingly adopted. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology of valvular diseases commonly associated with severe aortic stenosis, highlighting their prognostic implications after surgical or transcatheter treatment and their impact on risk stratification and therapeutic management.

Circulating microRNAs are promising biomarkers of acute cellular rejection (ACR) and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in heart transplantation. The study objective was to assess the characteristics and diagnostic performance of previously identified microRNAs and clinical rejection scores (CRS) in distinct blood samples obtained at the time of an endomyocardial biopsy (EMB).

Microaxial flow pump (mAFP) use in selected patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock improves survival. The present study aimed to assess the influence of delay from first symptoms to randomization on the benefit of an mAFP in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock.

Up-titration of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) is known to enhance left ventricular function in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction. However, data regarding its effect on right ventricular (RV) function remain sparse. We aimed to assess the impact of GDMT up-titration on the RV, especially RV to pulmonary artery coupling, and its prognostic value in these patients.

While the immediate goal of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is to achieve return of spontaneous circulation, the patient-centered goal is to minimize neurological injury. Several medications used during cardiac arrest have been associated with poor neurological outcomes. For patients cannulated for veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during cardiac arrest, termed extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the patient-centered impact of these medications has not yet been described.

Biomarkers in heart failure (HF) provide mechanistic and prognostic insights, but their role in predicting treatment response is less understood. We evaluated whether multiple baseline biomarker profiles from the REHAB-HF trial (Rehabilitation Therapy in Older Acute Heart Failure Patients) could stratify functional improvement following a 12-week physical rehabilitation intervention (RI).

Myocarditis is a severe complication of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The major risk factor for ICI myocarditis is the use of combination ICI treatment, especially when relatlimab, a novel anti-LAG-3 (lymphocyte-activation gene 3) antibody, is combined with anti-PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) therapy. Although pathogenic T cells are necessary for ICI myocarditis, the specific signaling and T-cell populations that drive cardiac infiltration have not been fully elucidated, especially in setting of anti-LAG-3/PD-1 treatment.

Contemporary hemodynamic testing intersects with many aspects of cardiovascular disease management. There is a growing understanding that accurate diagnosis, phenotyping, and management of cardiogenic shock, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and pulmonary hypertension, and left ventricular assist device support, require both baseline and provocative invasive hemodynamic testing, and often serial measurements. However, there is limited consensus regarding the standardization and interpretation of hemodynamic data. Provocative hemodynamic studies-whether related to volume, drugs, exercise, or device speed-are similarly nonuniform. A frequent limitation to their routine use relates to a lack of concise information regarding provocative study protocols. The aim of this scientific statement is to provide the evidence and rationale underlying best practices for static and provocative right heart catheterization, as well as actionable protocols to standardize their practice. In addition to outlining optimal resting right heart catheterization assessment, indications, and methods for vasodilator challenges to assess pulmonary hypertension reversibility in heart failure, this scientific statement includes discussion on volume challenges, invasive exercise hemodynamic testing, and vasodilator testing for acute pulmonary hypertension. Ramp, reverse-ramp, and exercise studies in patients with left ventricular assist devices are also detailed to help guide care and aid assessment for recovery. The utility and practical application of temporal changes in invasive hemodynamics are covered, from cardiogenic shock to remote patient monitoring. The standardization and advancement of invasive hemodynamic assessment in heart failure represent crucial steps toward optimizing patient outcomes. Continued collaboration across disciplines, enhanced focus on standardization, and investment in emerging technologies are crucial for bridging these gaps and driving innovation.