Piwi-associated RNAs are small non-coding RNAs implicated in cancer, yet few have been characterized in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to identify a CRC-related piRNA and investigate its clinical relevance, biological function, and biomarker potential.

Lactate, as a critical byproduct of tumor metabolic reprogramming, plays an important role in DNA damage repair and tumor immune infiltration. This work aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which lactate promotes tumor DNA damage repair (DDR) and subsequent immune evasion.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies, characterized by a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), dense stromal architecture, and limited response to conventional therapies. This review comprehensively examines the emerging role of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered immune cells, including chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T), CAR-macrophages (CAR-M), and CAR-natural killer (CAR-NK) cells, as innovative immunotherapeutic strategies for PDAC. We delve into the mechanistic foundations of these platforms, highlighting their unique abilities to target tumor-associated antigens, overcome stromal barriers, and remodel the immunosuppressive TME. Recent preclinical and clinical advances demonstrate promising antitumor activity, particularly with targets such as mesothelin, claudin18.2, and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), though challenges related to antigen heterogeneity, TME suppression, and cell persistence remain. We further discuss synergistic approaches involving genetic engineering, microenvironment modulation, and combination therapies aimed at enhancing efficacy. Finally, we offer perspectives on the future direction of CAR-based therapies, including the development of next-generation constructs, allogeneic "off-the-shelf" products, and personalized combination regimens, underscoring their potential in pancreatic cancer.

Prostate cancer cells often develop mechanisms to evade conventional therapies. Nanomedicine offers the potential for targeted drug delivery, improved tumor accumulation, and reduced systemic toxicity. This study biosynthesizes silver nanoparticles (NPP/AgONPs) functionalized with propolis, evaluates their antibacterial efficacy against uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli), and assesses their cytotoxic effect on cancer cell proliferation using the PC-3, human prostate epithelial cell line.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play critical roles in tumor progression and immunosuppression; however, their contribution to the functional classification and personalized treatment of gastric cancer remains poorly defined. This study aimed to identify effective therapeutic targets to facilitate individualized treatment strategies for patients with gastric cancer.

Prostate cancer is the second most common fatal cancer in men. Identifying new biological therapeutic targets is crucial to effectively improve the prognosis of prostate cancer patients. Ovarian tumor family deubiquitinase 4 (OTUD4) is a member of the ovarian tumor-associated protease domain (OTUDs) family. Although previous studies have shown that the expression and function of OTUD4 vary across different tumors, its role in prostate cancer remains unknown. The aim of this study is to explore new therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers for prostate cancer and investigate their mechanisms of action.

An increasing number of studies have shown that ferroptosis is related to the initiation and development of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The systematic review aimed to summarize the characteristics of ferroptosis from its pathogenetic role to translational therapeutic implications in SCLC.

A 15-month-old intact female rat was presented with worsening lethargy and dysorexia present for 1 wk and bruxism present for 3 d. The diet was fruits, vegetables, and granola. On presentation, the rat was mildly dehydrated and had marked incisor malocclusion with enamel hypoplasia. On oral examination, the left mandibular molars were not visible and the gum line was prominent. Black punctate enamel discoloration was observed multifocally on molars, but no mucosal lesions were observed. The incisors were trimmed and the rat was discharged with analgesics, supportive care, and dietary recommendations. The rat's condition continued to deteriorate and, 1 wk later, a left mandibular mass appeared that the owner perceived as painful. Computed tomography of the head showed lysis of the body of the left mandible, absence of left mandibular molar teeth, and abnormal soft-tissue attenuation in the left tympanic bulla. On the last visit (Day 31), purulent discharge was visible in the left external ear canal and along the left mandibular gingiva. Fine-needle aspiration and cytology of the mandibular mass suggested a keratinizing epithelial tumor of benign appearance. Euthanasia was elected, based on the poor prognosis. Histopathological examination revealed a well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma of the left mandibular region with ipsilateral subacute purulent otitis media. Key clinical message: Squamous cell carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of an infected, non-ulcerated oral mass in a rat.

Canine lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic malignancy, but the primary mediastinal form is rare. Progression from this form to systemic multicentric lymphoma has not been clearly documented in veterinary medicine, and optimal treatment strategies remain uncertain. This report describes a case of primary mediastinal T-cell lymphoma in a young dog that progressed to multicentric disease and was managed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. A 2-year-old castrated male Shetland sheepdog was referred for evaluation of a cranial mediastinal mass detected on thoracic radiographs. On physical examination, bradycardia was noted, with all peripheral lymph nodes within normal limits. Laboratory abnormalities included severe hypercalcemia, elevated symmetric dimethylarginine, and the presence of large lymphocytes on blood smear. Cytology, polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangements, and flow cytometry confirmed CD4+ T-cell mediastinal lymphoma. Initial treatment with the 25-week L-CHOP protocol achieved complete remission, but relapse occurred at Week 8, prompting radiation therapy to the mediastinal and submandibular masses. These lesions regressed but generalized peripheral lymphadenomegaly and a splenic honeycomb pattern developed, indicating progression to multicentric lymphoma. Based on ex vivo drug sensitivity testing, lomustine was initiated as rescue chemotherapy, achieving a second complete remission. Nevertheless, relapse occurred 38 d after the initial lomustine administration, and the dog ultimately died. Key clinical message: This case highlights the fact that progression from primary mediastinal to multicentric lymphoma may be associated with a poor prognosis in dogs. Radiation therapy demonstrated potential efficacy and warrants further investigation as a treatment option for canine mediastinal lymphoma.

The majority of locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients do not achieve a pathological complete response (NPCR) after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NCIT), and their prognosis exhibits significant heterogeneity. This study aimed to establish a pathological subtyping system for NPCR patients to guide precision adjuvant therapy.

Natural killer (NK) cells, critical components of innate immunity, possess the ability to eliminate tumor cells without prior sensitization. In gliomas, particularly glioblastoma, the tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts potent immunosuppressive effects that impair NK cell function through MHC-I overexpression, secretion of TGF-β and IDO, and recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Emerging evidence highlights the significance of NK cell infiltration, cytotoxicity, and ligand-receptor dynamics-such as NKG2D, KIRs, and CX3CR1+ subsets-in shaping prognosis and therapeutic responsiveness in glioma patients. Therapeutic strategies including activation of NK cells via chemotherapeutics (bortezomib, decitabine), blockade of inhibitory receptors (NKG2A, CD161), and combinatorial approaches with immune checkpoint inhibitors are under active investigation. Notably, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered NK cells targeting EGFR, HER2, GD2, and CD133 show promise in preclinical glioma models due to their enhanced specificity and reduced toxicity compared to CAR-T cells. This review summarizes the multifaceted roles of NK cells in glioma immunity and highlights novel immunotherapeutic strategies to restore NK cell function and improve clinical outcomes.

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most prevalent and aggressive primary central nervous system (CNS) malignancy; however, the clinical efficacy of the preferred chemotherapeutic agent, Temozolomide (TMZ), is severely compromised by innate and acquired resistance. Sphingolipid metabolism acts as a pivotal regulator of GBM cell fate, and the imbalance of the "sphingolipid rheostat" is intimately linked to TMZ resistance. This provides potential targets for developing novel prognostic models to inform stratified treatment risk strategies, while offering a promising entry point for TMZ chemosensitization and stratified drug combinations.

Active surveillance for low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is hampered by the lack of reliable biomarkers to distinguish indolent from progressive tumors. While our previous single-cell analysis identified tumor-infiltrating B cells as key determinants of indolent PTC, their clinical utility remains constrained by low abundance and peripheral undetectability. We therefore employed Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate this causal relationship and assess the potential of peripheral B-cell profiling as a non-invasive strategy for distinguishing indolent PTC.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy with a complex tumor ecosystem that contributes to its progression. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are vital regulators in cancer. However, the overall activity of DUBs and their role in driving PDAC progression within immune microenvironment remain largely unknown.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest cancers, with immunotherapy yielding <10% objective response rates (ORR) due to its profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This review integrates preclinical and clinical evidence (2018-2026) to dissect how stromal desmoplasia, myeloid dominance, T-cell exclusion, and impaired antigen presentation converge to form an immune-privileged niche. Key resistance pathways, including cGAS-STING, Hedgehog, and NF-κB, are discussed alongside emerging strategies such as CAR-T cells, mRNA neoantigen vaccines, STING agonists, CD39/CD73 blockade, and cDC1-based vaccines. Despite incremental progress, durable responses remain rare, emphasizing that single-target interventions are insufficient. We propose a "3D+R" framework, De-desmoplasia, De-adenosine, De-novo antigen, and Rational sequencing, to guide multidimensional, biomarker-driven immunotherapy design. Approaches such as timed cDC1 vaccination, patient-tuned STING agonism, and metabolic checkpoint inhibition exemplify how PDAC's immune-desert phenotype may be reshaped toward an immune-reactive state. Conceptualizing PDAC as a dynamic immune ecosystem rather than a mutation-driven entity may ultimately transform sporadic responses into durable and predictable clinical benefit.

Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors with limited treatment options once metastasized. Progress toward effective therapies has been hindered by their rarity, disease heterogeneity, and lack of representative preclinical models. Organoids are three-dimensional, self-renewing structures that recapitulate key features of their tissue of origin, providing valuable platforms for disease modeling, drug screening, and personalized medicine. This study aimed to establish and characterize patient-derived organoid cultures of PCCs.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) of bone is a malignant vascular neoplasm with a very low global prevalence. Nonspecific clinical and histopathological findings make the diagnosis of this tumor very challenging. In this case, we reported a 23-year-old male presented with persistent right buttock pain for 9 months (VAS 2-3). No other clinical findings were found. On plain radiographs, a lytic lesion was found on the right iliac wing. MRI showed iso- hyperintense lesions on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences with hemorrhagic components. A CT guided core needle biopsy was performed for further evaluation. The patient underwent wide excision with adjuvant chemotherapy. At six months post-surgery, lymph node metastases was found on PET scan without any clinical symptoms. A comprehensive interdisciplinary evaluation is required to establish the diagnosis of EHE.

Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor originating from cartilage-producing cells. Although rare in the hand, it is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in this location. We present a case of high-grade chondrosarcoma of the first metacarpal bone in an 85-year-old female, who presented with pain and severe limitation of hand function. Imaging studies initially suggested a giant cell bone tumor, and a tru-cut biopsy did not confirm chondrosarcoma. During the preoperative period, the tumor enlarged from approximately 10x9 cm to 15x11 cm, ultimately necessitating amputation as the treatment of choice. Histopathological evaluation revealed grade 2-3 chondrosarcoma. According to the existing literature, a hand chondrosarcoma of this size has not been previously documented. Hand chondrosarcomas, unlike those in other regions, rarely metastasize; however, despite their low metastatic potential, they may still lead to substantial morbidity. When wide resection and amputation are performed, as in our case, the risk of local recurrence is significantly reduced.

To investigate the effects of Trifolium repens extract on proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and NLRP3/PRKD3 protein levels of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line OSC-4.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major global health challenge, with current therapeutic options often limited by drug resistance and adverse effects. Small molecules provide distinct advantages, including oral bioavailability, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to target intracellular pathways critical for tumor progression. In this study, we designed and synthesized a new series of pyrazolone derivatives with varied substitution patterns using microwave-assisted methods and evaluated their antiproliferative activity against CRC cell lines (HCT-116 and WiDr). Among these, PL-13 emerged as a potent and selective candidate, exhibiting strong cytotoxicity toward cancer cells while sparing noncancerous CRL-1459 colon cells. Functional assays, including colony formation and wound healing, confirmed its ability to inhibit cell proliferation and migration. Western blot analyses demonstrated that PL-13 induces apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, as evidenced by increased levels of cleaved caspase-9 and PARP, and modulates LC3A/B expression, suggesting involvement of autophagy. Kinome profiling revealed selective binding of PL-13 to FLT3, which was validated by an IC50 value of 8.2 μM. Molecular docking further supported these findings, showing favorable binding energy (-7.98 kcal/mol) compared to regorafenib (-7.13 kcal/mol). Collectively, these results highlight PL-13 as a promising lead compound for further optimization toward CRC therapy.